Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- parasitism inxulunyaniswa ngokuthe ngqo nolwalamano oluthile, ubudlelwane obusekwe phakathi kwezinto ezimbini, apho kuhlala enye ngokuncama enye. Aba babini baphambili kubudlelwane beparasitism ngabo bajoyina indawo yabanye abantu (sisidleleleli) kunye naleyo ibonelela ngeendlela zokwenza into yesidleleli (esibizwa Undwendwe).
Ubudlelwane bunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezininzi, kwaye umbuki zindwendwe unokubona ngaphezulu okanye kancinci wenzakaliswe sisidudu enesibonelelo sokusabela. Ngu Iimpawu zobudlelwane beparasism lelokuba eli gama lihlala likhutshelwa ngaphandle kwaye lisiwe kwezinye iintsingiselo, kubandakanya iinkqubo zabantu abathi apho abanye abantu baxhaphaze abanye.
Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yeBacteria
Inkqubo ye- isifunxi-gazi, ngamanye amaxesha ihlala ngaphakathi komgcini wayo. Eyona ndawo iphambili koku uhlobo parasitism kukuba umbuki zindwendwe unee-antibodies ezithile, ezinxulumene nesidleleli, esihlala senziwe zii-micro-parasites ezininzi.
Kwelinye icala banokuba njalo ectoparasites ezo zingangeni ngaphakathi kolunye uhlobo, apho imeko inokuthi ibe yeyamaqanda abekwe kwindlwana engeyoyawo. Izinto eziphilayo zihlala zibamba iindlela zokuzikhusela ezithintela ukusebenza kwezidleleli, njengoko kusenzeka kwizityalo ezivelisa ityhefu efuna ukuthintela ukungunda.
Kwelinye icala, kuqhelekile kwifayile ye- inkqubo yotshintsho apho ezi ndidi zimbini ziguquka zifuna ukufezekisa iinjongo zazo: iinginginya zifuna ukunqanda ukuba zijolise kwizidleleli, ngelixa iiparasites ziguquka ukuze ziqhubeke nokusulela iinginginya.
Ingakukhonza:
- Imizekelo yeSymbiosis
- Imizekelo yamaTyathanga okutya
- Imizekelo yokuvumelana
- Imizekelo yokuLungelelaniswa kwezinto eziPhilayo
Ngokubanzi xa iiarhente ziba zizifunxi-gazi, ngokuthe ngcembe uphulukana nemisebenzi yomzimba okanye yemetabolism. Ukukhutshwa kweemolekyuli ezivela kumamkeli kwenza ukuba kungafuneki ukwenza izinto ngokwazo, njengoko kusenzeka kwiintsholongwane eziyimeko yeparasitism. Kuqhelekile ukuba i-parasitism ayibonakali ngeliso lenyama, kodwa ukusuka kumzuzu apho umphathi abamba khona umonakalo obangelwe sisidleleli, ihlala ingondleki okanye usulelo.
Imeko eyenzeka rhoqo ibizwa hyperparasitism. Yile nto yenzekayo xa sisidleleli siphila kwenye i-parasite: imixokelelwane ye-parasitic eyenzekileyo kwezi meko zezo zivelisa ubuchule be-biological kunye ne-antibiotiki, kunye nokuba sisiseko solawulo lwebhayoloji lwezifo kunye nezitshabalalisi.
Imizekelo yeparasitism
La matyala alandelayo enza i-parasitism, ngokwenkcazo ebonwayo:
- Iintakumba (Parasites) ezihlala esikhumbeni sezilwanyana, zibangela intsholongwane kwaye zizimele eboyeni.
- Iintubi: Izinambuzane ezonakalisa imithi, ziyitshabalalisa phantse zingabikho kwaphela.
- Saculina: Ukusuka kusapho lwe-barnacle. Xa efumana unonkala, ufaka inaliti yomzimba wakhe ethambileyo apho, ayinike oyinyumba.
- Zityisa kwigazi lezinye izilwanyana.
- Iintshulube: Ziqhelekile kwizilwanyana nasemntwini, zitya ngokususa izakhamzimba kunye nokuhlasela ezinye amalungu.
- Amakhalane: Iincukuthu zangaphandle ezondla igazi lemikhosi, zisasaza izifo ezinje nge typhus.
- I-Emerald cockroach wasp: I-parasite egqobhoza amaphela kunye ne-stinger yayo. Ifaka amaqanda, kwaye xa imibungu iqanduselwe itya kwizicubu ezingabalulekanga zephela.
- Amoebas: Izidleleleli zamathumbu ezilwanyana kunye nabantu, zibangela ukungondleki kunye nezifo.
- I-Guinea worm: Ihlala kwiintakumba ezincinci emanzini omlambo. Ukusela olohlobo lwamanzi kuvumela umbungu ungene emzimbeni, owenza iblisters kulusu kwaye uvelise imvakalelo evuthayo.
- Iintsholongwane: Izidleleleli ezisebenza kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana, zibangela izifo ezininzi.
- Helminth: Iintlobo zezilwanyana ezomeleleyo ezosulela ezinye iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
- IProtozoa: Izilwanyana ezilula ezenziwe ngu iseli, ezininzi zizifunxi-gazi zezityalo nezilwanyana. Bavelisa izifo ezinjengeChagas okanye itrichomoniasis.
- I-Rhodophytes: I-algae ebomvu, i-parasites rhoqo yezinye iirhinophytes. Ingenisa iiseli zayo zeseli kwiiseli zomamkeli, ivelisa iiseli zesini ze-genome ye-parasitic.
- Amangolwane: Zincukuthu ezincinci ezihlala kulusu lomntu, zitya iimfihlo.
- Ingxowa yamabhanti aluhlaza: Ikhula ngaphakathi kwenkumba, ebuyela kwezona ndlela zokuziphatha zikhaliphileyo zikhangela iindawo ezityhilekileyo kwimbonakalo yazo zonke. Isidleleleli sihlala kwinkqubo yokugaya ukutya kweenkumba, zivelisa kwaye zikhuphe amaqanda kwilindle lawo, zihlala ziintaka.
Bona kwakho: Imizekelo yabaxhamli kunye nexhoba (Ngemifanekiso)
