Xa i-athomu okanye imolekyuli yento iphulukana nokungathathi cala kombane kwenzeka ukufumana ihlelo ion, inkqubo ehambelana nokuzuza okanye ukulahleka konikezelo oluqhelekileyo lwee-elektroni ezibonisa ubume be-athomu yecompound ebizwa ngokuba yi-ionization. Olona lwazi lusisiseko lolwakhiwo lwe-ion luchazwe kwisokhemisti yesiNgesi Humphrey ubunzima (1778-1829) kunye nomfundi wakhe, UMichel Faraday (1791-1867).
Inkqubo ye- ion Ukuhlawuliswa ngokungafanelekanga kuveliswa kukufumana ii-elektroni kwaye kwaziwa njenge iimvuso (kuba banomdla kwi-anode), ngelixa abo bahlawuliswe ngokuqinisekileyo ngenxa yokulahleka kwee-elektroni, ngokubanzi ezo zeqokobhe elingaphandle, zibizwa ngokuba zii-cations (kuba ezi, ngokuchaseneyo nee-anion, zinomdla kwi-cathode).
Kwi i-anion, I-electron nganye ye-athomu, engathathi hlangothi ekuqaleni, ibanjwe ngokuqinileyo kukuhlawulwa okuhle kwenucleus; Nangona kunjalo, ngokungafaniyo nezinye ii-elektroni kwi-athomu, kwii-anion i-elektroniki eyongezelelweyo ayinxibelelananga nenucleus yimikhosi ye-Coulomb, inxulunyaniswa nokwahlulahlula i-atom engathathi hlangothi. Ngenxa yokongezwa kwee-elektroni, ii-anion zingaphezulu kweatom engqinelanayo.
Kumaqondo obushushu egumbi, ion ezininzi zomqondiso ochaseneyo zibophelela ngokuqinileyo ngokulandela ipateni eqhelekileyo kunye neodolo ebangela ukwenziwa kweekristal, ezinje ngetyuwa letheyibhile ekwi-sodium chloride. Iityuwa zihlala zilula. Xa zivelisiwe zichithiwe, ion sisiseko seenkqubo zeshishini ezibalulekileyo ezinje nge-electrolysis kwaye zinika isiseko sezinto ezibalulekileyo zehlabathi langoku ezinje ngeebhetri kunye nezihlanganisi. Ii-ions ezahlukileyo zithatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ze-enzymatic oxidation kunye neenkqubo zokuncitshiswa, okunjalo ukuphendula okungapheliyo kwezinto eziphilayo ezenzeka kwizinto eziphilayo.
Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezinesona sibonelelo sikhulu sokwenza i-ionize ngokuqinisekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukulahleka kwee-elektroni kwaye ngenxa yoko zivelise ii-cations, zezi iintsimbi kwaye halogensEzinye ii-nonmetals ngokubanzi zenza ii-anion, kwaye iigesi ezintle ezifana ne-helium okanye i-argon azenzi zi-ion. Ubungakanani beekethi zincinci kunee-atom ngenxa yokulahleka kwee-elektroni.
Ngokubanzi, ii-ion zinemichiza esebenzayo ngakumbi kuneemolekyuli ezingathathi hlangothi kwaye zinokuba njalo imonatomic okanye polyatomic, engaqhelekanga okanye eziphilayo.
Imizekelo engama-20 yeeon idweliswe apha ngezantsi, kubandakanya i-anion, i-cations, i-monatomic kunye ne-pluriatomic ion.
- IiChlorides
- Isulfure
- AmaNitrate
- Ikhalsiyam cation
- Ukucocwa kweManganese
- Hypochlorite
- IAmoniya
- Ikati yeFerric
- Ikhutshelo cation
- Imagnesium cation
- Iililicates
- IBorates
- I-permanganate
- Isalfide
- I-Orthophosphate
- Imetaphosphate
- Iicarbonates
- Ikitrate
- Malate
- Acetate
