Umbhali:
Laura McKinney
Umhla Wokudalwa:
9 Utshazimpuzi 2021
Hlaziya Umhla:
13 Ucanzibe 2024
Umxholo
Ithiyiwe ukuthuthwa kweseli ukutshintshiselana kwezinto phakathi kwendawo yeseli kunye nommandla wangaphandle apho ufumaneka khona. Oku kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa Inwebu yeplasma, Esisithintelo esingenakunqunyulwa esinciphisa iseli.
Ukuhanjiswa kweselfowuni kubalulekile ekungeneni kwezakhamzimba kunye nezinto ezichithwe kwindalo esingqongileyo, kunye nokugxothwa kwenkunkuma okanye izinto ezenziwe ngomzimba ngaphakathi kwiseli, ezinje iihomoni okanye ii-enzymes. Ngokwendlela yokuhamba kwezinto kunye nexabiso lamandla, siza kuthetha:
- Ukuhamba nje. Ngokuya ngokuthanda i-gradient yoxinzelelo, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwindawo egxile ngakumbi ukuya kwinto encinci, kwenzeka ngokusasazeka ngenwebu kwaye akukho ndleko yamandla, kuba ithatha ithuba lokuhamba okungahleliwe kweemolekyuli (i-kinetic yazo amandla). Zine iindlela zokuhamba:
- Usasazo olulula. Izinto eziphathekayo zihamba ukusuka kwindawo egxininiswe kakhulu ukuya kuncinci kugxininiswe kude kube ngamanqanaba alinganayo.
- Ukusasazwa okuququzelelweyo. Ezothutho ziqhutywa ziiprotein zothutho ezikhethekileyo ezifumaneka ngaphakathi kwembrane yeseli.
- Ukucoca. Inwebu yeplasma inee-pores apho izinto ezinobungakanani obuthile zinokuvuza ngaphakathi ngaphakathi ngoxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic.
- I-Osmosis. Kuyafana nokusasazeka okulula, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba le- iimolekyuli zamanzi ngokusebenzisa inwebu, ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwento kunye nokukhetha kwayo.
- Uthutho olusebenzayo. Ngokungafaniyo neseti, iyasebenza ngokuchasene ne-gradient yoxinzelelo (ukusuka kwindawo egxile kancinci ukuya kokugxininisiweyo ngakumbi, ke inexabiso lamandla eselula. Oku kuvumela iiseli ukuba ziqokelele izinto abazifunayo kwiinkqubo zazo zokudibanisa.
Imizekelo yezothutho
- Ukupheliswa kwinqanaba le-phospholipid. Ke, izinto ezininzi zingena kwiseli, njengamanzi, ioksijini, ikharbhon diokside, iivithamini ezinyibilikayo ezityebileyo, ii-steroids, i-glycerines, kunye nee-alcohol ezinesisindo esiphantsi.
- Ukungena ngeendlela ezipheleleyo zeprotheni. Ezinye izinto ze-ionic (ezihlawuliswe ngombane), ezinjenge-sodium, i-potassium, i-calcium okanye i-bicarbonate, zidlula kwi-membrane ekhokelwa yimijelo kunye protein okhethekileyo koku, kuncinci kakhulu.
- I-glomeruli yezintso. Balicoca igazi kwizintso, balihlutha i-urea, i-creatinine kunye neetyiwa, ngenkqubo ye-ultrafiltration eqhutywa zii-capillaries, kuthintela ukudlula kwezinto ezinkulu kunye nokukhupha ezincinci ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwendawo ngokwayo.
- Ukufakwa kweglucose. Iiseli zihlala zigcinwa ngoxinaniso oluphantsi lweswekile, ezibangela ukuba zihlale zihamba ngokungahambelani ngaphakathi kwazo. Ukwenza oku, iiproteni zokuhambisa ziyayifaka zize ziyiguqule ibe sishukela-6-phosphate.
- Isenzo se-insulin. Le hormone efihliweyo yipancreas yonyusa ukusasazeka kweglucose egazini kwiiseli, kunciphisa ubukho beswekile egazini, kufezekisa indima nkqo.
- Ukusasazeka kwegesi. Ukusasazeka ngokulula kuvumela ukungena kweegesi eziveliswa kukuphefumla, ukusuka ngaphandle kuye ngaphakathi kwiseli ukusuka koxinaniso lwazo egazini. Ngale ndlela i-CO iyagxothwa2 kunye neoksijini iyasetyenziswa.
- Ukubila. Ukukhupha ukubila kulusu kwenziwa yi-osmosis: ulwelo luhamba luphuma luthwala ityhefu kunye nezinye izinto kunye nalo.
- Iingcambu zezityalo. Banokukhetha ngaphakathi okuvumela amanzi kunye nezinye izimbiwa ukuba zingene ngaphakathi kwisityalo, emva koko bazithumele kumagqabi ukuze enze ifotosinthesize.
- Ukufakwa emathunjini. Iiseli ze-epithelial zamathumbu zifunxa amanzi kunye nezinye izondlo kwisitulo, ngaphandle kokuzivumela ukuba zingene kwigazi. Ukhetho luye lwenzeka ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ngokusebenzisa i-electrolyte gradient.
- Ukukhutshwa kwee-enzymes kunye neehomoni kwigazi. Ihlala iveliswa ngoomatshini boxinzelelo oluphezulu lwee-intracellular, ngaphandle kweendleko ze-ATP.
Imizekelo yezothutho esebenzayo
- Impompo ye potassium. Yindlela yokwenza inwebu yeseli evumela, ngokusebenzisa iprotein yokuhambisa, isodiyam ukuba ikhutshwe ngaphakathi kwiseli kwaye ithathe indawo ye potassium, kugcinwe i-gradients ze-ion (isodiyam ephantsi kunye ne-potassium eninzi) kunye nepolarity efanelekileyo yombane.
- Impompo yeCalcium. Enye iprotein yothutho ekhoyo kwi-membrane yeseli, ivumela i-calcium ukuba ithwalwe ngokuchasene ne-electrochemical gradient yayo, ukusuka kwi-cytoplasm ukuya ngaphandle.
- Phagocytosis. Iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezikhusela umzimba zibandakanya, ngokusebenzisa iisaka zeembumba zeplasma, amasuntswana angaphandle esiya kuthi emva koko sikhuphe.
- I-Pinocytosis. Enye inkqubo ye-phagocytization iqhubeka ngokungena kwi-membrane evumela ukungena kolwelo lokusingqongileyo. Yinto eyenziwa liqanda ngexesha lokuvuthwa kwalo.
- Exocytosis. Ngokuchasene ne-phagocytization, ikhupha izinto zomxholo weselfowuni ngokusebenzisa iisaka ezinombala ezihambela ngaphandle, zide zidibane nenwebu kwaye zivule ngaphandle. Le yindlela i-neurons enxibelelana ngayo: ukuhambisa imixholo ye-ionic.
- Usulelo lwe-HIV. Intsholongwane kaGawulayo ingena kwiiseli ngokusebenzisa inwebu yayo, ibophelela kwii-glycoprotein ezikhoyo kumaleko wazo wangaphandle (ii-CD4 receptors) kwaye zingene ngaphakathi ngaphakathi.
- Utshintsho. Umxube we-endocytosis kunye ne-exocytosis, ivumela ukuhanjiswa kwezinto ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye, umzekelo, ukusuka kwii-capillaries zegazi ukuya kwizicubu ezijikelezileyo.
- Iswekile phototransferase. Inkqubo eqhelekileyo iintsholongwane Intoni coli, equka ukuguqula imichiza kwimigca engaphantsi ngaphakathi ukuze itsale abanye nge ukudibanisa ngokudibeneyo kwaye ke ugcine amandla amaninzi.
- Ukuthathwa kwentsimbi. Intsimbi ithathwa ziintsholongwane ezininzi ngokufihla ii-siderophores ezinje nge-enterobactin, ebopha isinyithi esenza i-chelates emva koko ifunxwe kukudibana kwintsholongwane, apho isinyithi sikhutshwa khona.
- Ukuthathwa kwe-LDL. Le lipoprotein ene-cholesterol esters ifakwa kwiselfowuni ngenxa yesenzo se-apoprotein (B-100) evumela ukungena kwayo kwi-membrane kunye nokubola okulandelayo iiamino acid.
