Iintaba, amathafa namathafa

Umxholo

• Imizekelo yeentaba
• Imizekelo yamathafa
• Imizekelo yamathafa

Inkqubo ye- iimvula, iithafa kwaye i amathafa Zizinto eziqhelekileyo zobume bomhlaba kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye zikhona kumanqanaba ohlukeneyo kumazwekazi amahlanu. Bahlukile omnye komnye ngobude obufikelelweyo kunye nangohlobo oluthile lwazo Uncedo.

Inkqubo ye-iimvula Zizinto eziphakamileyo zendalo zomhlaba ophakamileyo, zingaphezulu kwe-700m ngokubhekisele kwisiseko sayo kwaye zinako ukuba zihlelwe ngokwamaqela eentaba, iintaba okanye iintaba-mlilo. Imvelaphi yoku kunyuka kungenxa yokusonga komhlaba ngenxa yeetoniconic dynamics, ethi kamva icaciswe sisenzo sexesha kunye nokhukuliseko. Ngokudibeneyo, iintaba zihlala kwi-24% ye-lithosphere kwaye igubungela i-53% yelizwekazi laseAsia, iipesenti ezingama-58 zelizwekazi laseMelika, iipesenti ezingama-25 zaseYurophu, iipesenti ezili-17 zeOceania kunye neepesenti ezi-3 zaseAfrika. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-10% labantu lihlala ezintabeni kwaye yonke imilambo yehlabathi ivela kuyo.

AmacwecweKwelinye icala, okanye amathafa, ziluhlobo lwendibaniselwano phakathi kweentaba namathafa. Zibekwe ngaphezulu kwe-500m ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, ngamathafa abanzi kwaye aphakamileyo anetyala lokuvela kwawo kwiintshukumo zetectonic kunye neenkqubo zokuqhekeka kwizinto ezibuthathaka, ezithi zibangele ithafa. Kwiimeko ezininzi kungenxa yokuvela kweentaba-mlilo eziphantsi kwamanzi. Iplateaus zihlala zinemihlaba eyahlukeneyo enikwa amagama ahlukeneyo asekuhlaleni, njenge-altiplano, ibutte, okanye ichapada.

AmathafaOkokugqibela, ziindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba othe tyaba okanye ezinokuthotywa okuncinci, zihlala emazantsi entlambo, phezulu kumathafa aphakamileyo okanye kumathafa, okanye kwinqanaba lolwandle, ngokubanzi ngekhe kube ngaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-200. Amathafa amaninzi abalulekile kwezoqoqosho eluntwini, kuba kuzo izityalo kunye namadlelo zenzeka okoko ukufikeleleka komphezulu wazo kuququzelela uthutho noluntu olufanayo.

Imizekelo yeentaba

1. INtaba ye-restverest, kwiiHimalaya. Eyona ntaba iphakamileyo eMhlabeni, kwiimitha ezingama-8848 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, ikumda ophakathi kwe China ne Nepal, kwaye yenza intaba kunye nezinye iincopho ezingabamelwane ezifana neLhotse (8516 m), Nuptse (7855 m) kunye ne Changtse (7580) m). Ukunyuka kwalo ngomnye wemiceli mngeni emikhulu kubomi babaqeqeshi beentaba kwaye bekungekho kude kube ngo-1960 iqela labakhweli bentaba baseTshayina bafikelela encotsheni kwincam yalo esemantla.
2. Ipaki yeSizwe yeCerro el Ávila. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Waraira-repano, ilizwi layo lomthonyama, kwaye ikumantla eVenzuelan isixeko saseCaracas, ikomkhulu lelizwe, le ntaba yahlula isixeko kuLwandle lweCaribbean kunye nonxweme, olungqongileyo kwaye yaba luphawu olubonakalayo edolophini. YiPaki yeSizwe exhotyiswe ngeendlela ezithandekayo zokuhamba intaba, kunye neencopho ezahluka ukusuka kwi-120 ukuya kwi-2765 yeemitha ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle.
3. Aconcagua. Ime kwiphondo laseMendoza, eArgentina, kwaye iyinxalenye yoluhlu olungaphambili lweentaba zeAndes, inokuphakama kweemitha ezingama-6,960.8 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle kwaye yeyona ndawo iphakamileyo eMelika, kwaye iphezulu emhlabeni emva kweHimalaya. Ngomhla kaJanuwari 1, 2000, ukusuka kwincopho yayo, umlingisi waseNtaliyane-waseArgentina nentatheli uVictoria Manno wathumela umyalezo eluntwini ngoxolo, umanyano kunye nokuzikhusela kwababuthathaka, okwaziwa ngokuba yi "Humanity Call for Attention".
4. I-volcano yaseChimborazo. Yeyona ntaba iphakamileyo kunye nentaba-mlilo e-Ecuador, kunye neyona ndawo ikude ukusuka embindini womhlaba okhoyo, oko kukuthi, ikufutshane nesithuba sangaphandle, ngenxa yeempawu zobubanzi bomhlaba kububanzi. Ukuqhuma kwayo okokugqibela kuqikelelwa ukuba kwakuse-550 AD kwaye ikumbindi weAndes, kwi-150 km ukusuka kwikomkhulu lase-Ecuador. Ukuphakama kwayo ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle ngama-6263.7 m. Malunga nale ntaba, uSimón Bolívar wabhala eyakhe edumileyo "Ingqondo yam malunga neChimborazo".
5. IHuascarán. Isithwathwa esineqhwa se-Andes yasePeru eneencopho ezintathu: emantla (6655 masl), emazantsi (6768 masl) nasempuma (6354 masl). Ingqungquthela esemazantsi yeyona ndawo iphakamileyo kuyo yonke iPeru kunye noMazantsi e-Amerika, eyenza ukuba ibe yeyona ntaba iphakamileyo kwilizwekazi kwaye, ngelishwa, yindawo esemhlabeni enomtsalane omncinci okhoyo.
6. ICotopaxi. Enye yeentaba-mlilo ezidumileyo e-Ecuador, inokuphakama kweemitha ezingama-5,897 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle kwaye yenye yezona ndawo zisebenza kakhulu ehlabathini. Ime kwi-50 km ukuya emazantsi ukusuka eQuito kwaye ugqatso lwayo lokugqibela olukhulu lwenziwa ngo-1877. Igama layo, kulwimi lwendabuko, lithetha "Itrone yenyanga".
7. IMont Blanc. "Intaba emhlophe" yintaba yegranite engama-4810 eemitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, eyona ndawo iphezulu kuyo yonke iYurophu kunye neyona ndawo iphakamileyo yeentaba zeAlps. Ijikelezwe ziintlambo ezineentaba ezininzi zomkhenkce kwaye iyinxalenye yesithomo esingaziwayo, kumda ophakathi kwe-Itali neFrance. Yeyona ndawo ikhethekileyo yabakhenkethi yokukhwela ikhephu, ukuskiya kunye nokunyuka intaba, kwaye ukusukela ngo-1965 kuye kwahanjwa ngetonela elingu-11.6 km ubude beMont Blanc.
8. IKanchenjunga. Intaba yesithathu ephezulu emhlabeni, i-8586 yeemitha ukuphakama, yeyona iphakamileyo e-India kunye neyesibini e-Nepal. Ineencopho ezintlanu zobude obufanayo, kungoko igama layo liguqulela "Ubuncwane ezintlanu zekhephu", ngokwesiko ezimele izinto ezingcwele zikaThixo: igolide, isilivere, amatye anqabileyo, ukutya okuziinkozo kunye neencwadi ezingcwele.
9. I-Kilimanjaro. Ifumaneka kumantla ntshona eTanzania kwaye iqulathe iintaba-mlilo ezintathu ezingasebenziyo: iShira (entshona, iimitha ezingama-3962 ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle), iMawenzi (empuma, iimitha ezingama-5149 ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle) kunye neKibo (embindini, iimitha ezingama-5892 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle ), ezi ntaba zidume ngokuba ngumkhenkce ongapheliyo, ukusukela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, ziye zancipha ngokuncamisileyo kubukhulu. Incopho yayo yafikelelwa kwi-1889, iyeyona ndawo iphakamileyo kuyo yonke iAfrika. Ukususela ngo-1975 yiPaki kaZwelonke,
10. INtaba iShinn. Le ntaba ingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-4661 ukuphakama ikwi-Antarctica, kummandla wamazwe aphesheya. Yafunyanwa ngo-1958 ngexesha leenqwelo-moya zokuhlola zaze zaqanjwa ngegama lika-Lieutenant Commander u-Conrad S. Shin, owafika okokuqala eGeographic South Pole.

Imizekelo yamathafa

1. UJujuy Puna. Eli thafa liphezulu emantla eArgentina, kwinxalenye yamaphondo aseJujuy, eSalta naseCatamarca, liyinxalenye yeentaba zeAndes apho liqhekeke khona ngenxa yothotho lweentaba nokudakumba. Iphakama ukusuka malunga neemitha ezingama-3700 ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle ukuya kuma-3200.
2. IAndean Altiplano. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiMeseta del Titicaca okanye iMeseta del Collao, ithafa eliphakamileyo kakhulu (iimitha ezingama-3800 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle) kumqolo weentaba zeAndes, oqhubeka phakathi kwenxalenye yemimandla yaseBolivia, eArgentina, eChile nasePeru. Kule ndawo impucuko yamandulo yaqala, njengeTiahuanaco kwaye yinxalenye yommandla obizwa ngokuba yiPuna.
3. Ukwamkela. Igama layo kulwimi lwePemón lithetha "iNtaba kaMtyholi" kwaye yeyona tepui inkulu (ikwiimitha ezingama-2535 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle kwaye ine-700 km² umphezulu) kwaye udume ukusuka eKhanaima National Park emazantsi eVenezuela. I-tepuis ngamathafa anobude obuguquguqukayo kunye nomngxuma ongaphakathi, ngaphakathi apho inkqubo yendalo eyahlukileyo ngokwahlukileyo kwindawo eyingqongileyo yenzeka, yiyo loo nto zithathwa njengamatye anqabileyo eentlobo-ntlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ingxangxasi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, iAngel Falls, nayo iyawa ivela kumphezulu weAuyantepuy.
4. IPuna de Atacama. Ithafa eliyintlango kwiimitha ezingama-4 500 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle oludlula ngaphezulu kwe-80,000 km², kumda weArgentina-Chile. Iwela iindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo ngokubhekisele ethafeni, phakathi kwazo kukho iintaba-mlilo ezininzi. Unoncedo olwahlukeneyo kunye nemilambo emininzi, ubukhulu becala, engafikeleli elwandle.
5. Ithafa laseTibet. Eyaziwa ngokuba yiTibetan-Qinghai Plateau, sisiqithi esomileyo esihlala kakhulu kuMmandla weTibet Autonomous, kunye nenxalenye yeIndiya ne China. Inendawo engama-1000 eekhilomitha ububanzi ngama-2500 ubude, kumphakamo ophakathi weemitha ezingama-4500 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, yiyo loo nto ithathwa njengeyona ndawo iphakamileyo isezintabeni: "uphahla" lwehlabathi.
6. Ithafa elisembindini. Uninzi lweSingasiqithi saseIberia (phantse i-400,000 km²ISpanish ikweli thafa liziimitha ezingama-600 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, eyona ndawo indala yokunceda kulo mmandla. Ithambeka kancinci ukuya kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantic kwaye inemozulu yelizwekazi iMeditera. Yahlulwe yaya emantla nasezantsi ziintaba ezibizwa ngokuba yiCentral System.
7. UBrasilia Massif. Kunye nomfula iGuiana, lithafa elikhulu lelizwekazi, enye yezona zidala emhlabeni, kwezintathu ezenza uMzantsi Melika (kunye nePatagonian massif). Ifumaneka kumbindi-mpuma welizwekazi, la mathafa anemozulu efudumeleyo kwaye ifumile, kwaye imilambo iAmazon kunye nePlata igqitha kwimigca yeempazamo.
8. IGuiana Massif. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiGuiana Shield, yindawo ethe tyaba yelizwekazi edlulela kumantla ntshona kwilizwekazi lase Mzantsi Melika kwinxalenye yeVenezuela, iGuyana, iSuriname, iBrazil kunye neFrench Guyana. Imida yayo nguMlambo iOrinoco ukuya emantla, kunye namahlathi emvula aseAmazon ukuya emazantsi, ingomnye wemimandla enezinto ezininzi eziphilayo kwihlabathi.
9. IAtherton Plateau. Ithafa elise-Australia, elinendawo engama-32,000 km² Iluncedo kakhulu kwimisebenzi yemfuyo. Ngokuphakama komndilili phakathi kwe-600 kunye ne-900 yeemitha ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, umhlaba wayo wentaba-mlilo kunye nokunkcenkceshela ngeLake Tinaroo (eyonakaliswe nguMlambo iBarron), yindawo etyebe kakhulu enedipozithi enezitena.
10. I-Altiplano cundiboyacence. Ukugubungela indawo eyi-25,000 km² Kubude obuphakathi kweemitha ezingama-2 600 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, isixeko saseBogotá, ikomkhulu lelizwe, sikule ntlambo yaseColombia.

Imizekelo yamathafa

1. Ithafa likaDōhamba. Lo mmandla wonxweme wakhiwa sisenzo semilambo iShigenobu kunye neIshte, kwisiqithi saseJapan iShikoku. Yandiswa malunga ne-20 km empuma-ntshona kunye ne-17 emantla-mzantsi, ehlala izixeko zaseMatsuyama naseToon.
2. Ithafa laseMpuma Yurophu. Ikwabizwa ngokuba lithafa laseRussia, ligubungela malunga ne-4,000,000 km² Ngokomndilili weemitha ezili-170 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle, yenza iThafa Elikhulu laseYurophu, kunye nethafa laseMantla Yurophu, eyona ndawo ikhululekileyo yeentaba kummandla wonke. Ibandakanya imimandla yamazwe amaninzi: iJamani, iRussia, i-Estonia, iLatvia, iLithuania, iBelarus, iUkraine, iPoland, iMoldova kunye neYurophu yaseKazakhstan.
3. Ithafa laseMantla Yurophu. Elinye icandelo leThafa eliKhulu laseYurophu, liqala ukusuka kuLwandle lweBaltic nakuLwandle oluMantla ukuya kwiinduli zase-Central Europe. Ukuphakama komhlaba wayo kuyahluka phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-200 yeemitha ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle, kwabelwana ngawo phakathi kweBelgium, iHolland, iDenmark, iJamani nePoland, kunye ne-Czech Republic yonke.
4. Ummandla wePampas. Ithafa elikhulu elihamba phakathi kwemimandla yeArgentina, iUruguay neBrazil. Ngomnye weyona mimandla ityebileyo emhlabeni, inikwa unkcenkceshelo oluphezulu lwamanzi kunye nokungabikho kwamahlathi. Igama layo livela kwigama lesiQuechua elithetha "ithafa phakathi kweentaba."
5. Sandur okanye Ubushushu umkhenkce. La ngamathafa atyebileyo anoluhlu oluvela ekunyibilikeni komkhenkce kwizitya ezihambelana nommandla. Zihlala ziqulathe igrabile kunye nezinye izinto ezikhukuliswe ngamanzi anyibilikayo, ke zinokufikelela kwi-100 yeemitha ubukhulu zize zande iikhilomitha ezininzi. Umzekelo woku yiSkeiðarársandur e-Iceland.
6. Ithafa laseLelant. Ithafa elichumileyo kwisiqithi sase-Greek i-Euboea, indawo yenkulungwane ye-8 BC. yeemfazwe zeLelantine zezabo. Kwakunjalo ukwamkelwa kwayo ukuba ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi kwakubhekiswa kuwo kumaxwebhu njengeLilanto, ithafa elikhokelela e-Attica.
7. Ummandla weLlanos. Ifumaneka kumbindi weVenezuela kwaye ibaluleke kakhulu imfuyo kunye nokubaluleka kwezolimo, lo mmandla udlale indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho kwilizwe ngaphambi kokuqala kokuxhaphaza ioyile ngo-1917, xa imfuduko yasemaphandleni yayishiya ishiywe. Okwangoku ingummandla osemaphandleni onabemi abambalwa onabela kumaphondo aseGuárico naseApure (malunga ne-142,900 km²).
8. Amathafa enzonzobila. Ukugubungela i-40% yomgangatho wolwandle, la mathafa angaphantsi kwamanzi afumaneka kubunzulu obulinganayo okanye obungaphantsi kwe-200 m, ukusuka elunxwemeni ukuya kwimimandla yemisebenzi encinci yelanga, ubukho obuphantsi bezondlo kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu, olwaziwa njengemisele enzulu. Yeyona mimandla iphambili yontlenga yomhlaba kwaye igubungela ulwandle.
9. Amathafa amakhulu. Ime kuMntla Melika, kwithafa elibanzi neliphezulu eliphakathi kwamazwe aseCoahuila (Mexico), Alberta, Saskatchewan nase Manitoba (Canada) nase New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Montana, Dakota South naseMantla Dakota (eUnited States). Ngummandla wokuxhaphaza imfuyo kunye nezolimo, etyebile kwiihydrocarbon ezinje ngamalahle kunye neoyile, enesomiso esomeleleyo kunye neenkqwithela zesanti rhoqo emva kweminyaka engama-25.
10. Ithafa laseKur-Araz. Luxinzelelo olukhulu kummandla waseAzerbaijan ochazwe ziintlambo zemilambo iKur neAras, entshona yoLwandle lweCaspian nasemantla eeNtaba zeTalysh. Iyaqhubeka kwiThafa laseLenkoran ukuya kummandla wase-Iran.

Ingakukhonza:

• Imizekelo yamaHlathi
• Imizekelo yamahlathi
• Imizekelo yeentlango