Umxholo
A isicatshulwa soncwadi luhlobo lwemveliso yomlomo okanye ebhaliweyo enika ilungelo lobuhle, isihobe kunye neefom zokudlala ngaphezulu komxholo wolwazi okanye injongo yomyalezo.
Iitekisi zoncwadi ziphakamisa iindlela ezizenzekelayo nezasimahla zomxholo oqaqambileyo, onamava okanye ocinga ngokunyani, ngenjongo yokuvelisa iimvakalelo kumfundi.
Ngapha koko, olunye lweempawu eziphambili zawo nawuphina umbhalo woncwadi, kunye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa, kukuba uswele umsebenzi ocacileyo okanye injongo ethile. Ngamanye amagama, ayinakusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngowona mahluko uphambili kwizicatshulwa ezingezozoncwadi.
Kwi-Girisi yamandulo, kuthathwa njengombhali waseNtshona, intlekele (eyandulela i-theatre yangoku) yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lwabemi, kuba yayidlulisela imilinganiselo yezopolitiko, yenkolo kunye neyokuziphatha. Kwangelo xesha, i-epic (eyandulela ibali elalikho ngoku) yayiyindlela yokuhanjiswa kweentsomi ezisisiseko zempucuko yamaGrike, ezinje ngezo I-Iliad kwaye Inkqubo ye-Odyssey.
Okwangoku, izicatshulwa zoncwadi zithathwa njengenxalenye yolonwabo, yolonwabo kunye nemisebenzi yoqeqesho enikwa umxholo wabo obanzi wabantu, obonakaliswe njengokubhekisa kunye nokutshiza kwiziganeko zembali, amabali athandwayo, iisimboli kunye neearchetypes zenkcubeko, kunye nokuguqula amava okwenyani okanye ukuhonjiswa ngentsomi.
Bona kwakho:
- Iincwadi zoncwadi
- Iindlela zoncwadi
Iindidi zezicatshulwa zoncwadi
Okwangoku, izicatshulwa zoncwadi zihlelwa ngokokusebenziseka kwazo kolwimi, kuseto lwemiyalelo ebizwa ngokuba ziindidi zoncwadi. Zezi:
- Ibali. Olu hlobo luquka ibali elifutshane, inoveli, ibali elincinci, ibali elibhaliweyo kunye nezinye iindlela zebali, eziyinyani okanye ezentelekelelo, ezithandekayo okanye eziyinyani, ezigxininisa abalinganiswa, isikhokelo sentshukumo kunye nomfanekiso wombalisi ukuvelisa kulindelo lomfundi, uxinzelelo kunye nezinye iimvakalelo ezifanayo.
- Imibongo. Yeyona nto ikhululekileyo kwezobugcisa boncwadi, kuba ayiquki phantse nawuphi na umthetho ochaza ukuba yintoni umbongo okanye awukho, ngaphandle kwenjongo yokuveza iimvakalelo, iimbono ezikhoyo, ukubonakalisa okanye kwinqanaba elithile lokubaliswa kodwa xa kungekho Abalinganiswa abachaziweyo.abalalisi okanye iimeko ezichazwe kakuhle.Ngaphambili yayicacisiwe kwizicengcelezo kunye nakwiivesi ezibalwa ngokwamalungu, kodwa namhlanje kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba umbongo unokufumana naluphi na uhlobo lwefomathi emiselweyo kunye nolwakhiwo, uthobela umculo wawo ongathandekiyo.
- Umdlalo weqonga. Ukubhalwa kwedrama yinto ebhekiswe kumdlalo weqonga, kwimiboniso bhanyabhanya okanye kumabonakude. Ngokwesiqhelo kubandakanya abalinganiswa kunye noseto, kwiimeko ezenzeka phambi kombukeli ngaphandle kokulamla ngumbalisi.
- Uvavanyo. Isincoko siqulathe indlela ebonakalisayo nenenkcazo kuso nasiphi na isihloko, ngokusebenzisa impikiswano enezihloko ezifuna ukubonelela ngeembono okanye iimbono ezingapapashwanga.
Imizekelo yesicatshulwa soncwadi
- "La poesía" ngu-Eugenio Montejo (umbongo)
Imibongo iwela umhlaba wedwa,
Xhasa ilizwi lakho kwintlungu zehlabathi
kwaye akukho nto ibuzayo
-ngabinamazwi.
Ivela kude kwaye ngaphandle kwexesha, ayilumkisi;
Unaso isitshixo emnyango.
Ukungena kuhlala kumisa ukusijonga.
Emva koko uvula isandla sakhe asinike
intyatyambo okanye ingqalutye, into eyimfihlo,
kodwa kakhulu kangangokuba intliziyo ibetha
ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Saye savuka ke.
- UAgasto Monterroso "Ihlabathi" (ibali elincinci)
UThixo akalidalanga ihlabathi; Uyicinga nje, naphakathi kwamaphupha. Ilizwe liphelele, kodwa liyabhidisa.
- Moliére "I-Miser" (idramaurgy)
IXABISO. Uthandwa njani, uElisa othandekayo, uziva udanile emva kweziqinisekiso zobubele zokuba ubenobubele ngokwaneleyo ukuba undinike ulonwabo lwakho! Ndiyakubona uncwina, yeha, phakathi kovuyo lwam. Ngaba uyazisola, ndixelele, ukuba undonwabisile? Kwaye uyazisola ngesi sithembiso, apho ukuthanda kwam ndikwazi ukukunyanzela?
U-ELISA. Hayi, Valerio; Andikwazi ukuzisola ngayo yonke into endikwenzela yona. Ndishukunyiselwa kuyo ngamandla amnandi, kwaye andinawo namandla okunqwenela ukuba izinto bezingenzeki ngoluhlobo. Kodwa ukuthetha inyani, isiphelo esihle sindibangela ukungazinzi, kwaye ndiyoyika kakhulu ukukuthanda ngaphezu kokuba kufanelekile.
IXABISO. Hee! Ungoyika ntoni, Elisa, ngobubele obubenam?
- "La trama celeste" nguAdolfo Bioy Casares (ibali elifutshane, iqhekeza)
Xa uKapteni u-Ireneo Morris kunye noGqirha Carlos Alberto Servian, ugqirha we-homeopathic, banyamalala eBuenos Aires ngoDisemba 20, amaphephandaba awakhange athethe ngalo nto. Kwathiwa kukho abantu abalahlekisiweyo, abantu abanzima kwaye ikomishini iphanda; Kwaye kwathiwa umgama omncinci wentshukumo yenqwelomoya esetyenziswa ngababaleki yenza ukuba bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba abakhange baye kude kakhulu. Ngaloo mihla ndafumana umyalelo; Iqulethe: imiqulu emithathu kwikota (imisebenzi epheleleyo yekomanisi uLuis Augusto Blanqui); isangqa sexabiso elincinci (i-aquamarine ene-effigy yothixokazi oneentloko zamahashe ngasemva); amaphepha ambalwa abhalwe ngomatshini - The Adventures of Captain Morris - signed C.A. S. Ndizokuwakhuphela loo maphepha. (…)
- "Lolita" nguVladimir Nabokov (inoveli, iqhekeza)
Lolita, ukukhanya kobomi bam, umlilo wezibilini zam. Isono sam, umphefumlo wam. I-Lo-li-ta: incam yolwimi ithatha uhambo lwamanyathelo amathathu ukusuka kumda wenkalakahla ukuya kuphumla, kolwesithathu, kumda wamazinyo. It. Li. UTa. Kwakungu Lo, jonga nje, kusasa, iinyawo ezintlanu ezine ezinyaweni ezingenanto. Ibingu Lola eblukhweni. IbinguDolly eskolweni. KwakunguDolores xa watyikitya. Kodwa ezingalweni zam wayehlala eyiLolita. (…)
- "Paseando mi cigarro" nguGay Talese (ibali loncwadi, isicatshulwa)
Rhoqo ebusuku emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa ndiyaphuma kunye nezinja zam ezimbini ukuya ePark Avenue ukuhamba kunye necigar yam. I-cigar yam inombala ofanayo neenja zam ezimbini, kwaye izinja zam nazo zitsalwa livumba lazo: bayatsiba imilenze yam xa ndiyilayita ngaphambi kokuba ndiqale ukuhamba, ndinemisonto ebanzi kunye namehlo amxinwa, ngokujongeka kokutya Ngalo lonke ixesha ndibanika amaqebengwana ezilwanyana okanye itreyi yamacangci amnandi ashiyekileyo kwenye yecocktails zethu. (…)
- "ILabyrinth of Solitude" ngu-Octavio Paz (isincoko, isiqwenga)
Kuthi sonke, ngaxa lithile, ubukho bethu butyhilwe kuthi njengento ethile, engenakudluliselwa kwaye enexabiso. Esi sityhilelo siphantse sihlale sifikisa. Ukuzifumanisa kwethu kubonakala ngathi sizazi sisodwa; phakathi kwehlabathi nathi udonga olungabonakaliyo, oluvulekileyo luvula: isazela sethu. Kuyinyani ukuba nje ukuba sizalwe siziva sodwa; Kodwa abantwana kunye nabantu abadala banokubongamela ubulolo babo kwaye bazilibale ngokwabo ngokudlala okanye ngomsebenzi. Endaweni yokuba umntu ofikisayo, ojikeleza phakathi kobuntwana nolutsha, unqunyanyisiwe okomzuzwana ngaphambi kobutyebi obungenasiphelo behlabathi. Umntwana okwishumi elivisayo uyamangaliswa kukuba. (…)
- Qhubeka: Imithandazo yoncwadi
