Imizekelo ye-Crystallization

Ividiyo: Kufa uye kumuka kwaJesu Kristu, Muponesi

Umxholo

Imizekelo ye-crystallization
Ezinye iindlela zokwahlula imixube

Inkqubo ye- ikhristallization yinkqubo yemichiza yokutshintsha kwe irhasi, ulwelo okanye enye Ukuchithwa, kwinethiwekhi yeebhondi zemolekyuli ezikhokelela kwiseti yeekristali eziqinileyo.

Ezi kristali zicocekile kwindalo, ke le ndlela inokusetyenziselwa ukwahlulahlula izinto kwezinye umxube ofanayo. Inkqubo ye- ikhristallization Inokwenziwa ngeendlela ezininzi, kubandakanya nokukhetha utshintsho kwi ubushushu okanye uxinzelelo, kunye nokudibanisa nezinye iikhemikhali kunye izinto.

Ubume, ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho weekristali ezifunyenweyo ziya kuxhomekeka kwiimeko kunye nexesha apho ukubunjwa kwazo kuvunyelwe.

Amakristali ziziseko eziqinileyo ezinepateni echaziweyo yokuchaneka. Ziqhelekile kwindalo kwaye zihlelwa ngokomgaqo-siseko wazo njenge: solid, bright, ionic, covalent, molecular and metallic.

Ukwenziwa kweqabaka. Ngeentsuku ezibandayo ngokukodwa, umphunga wamanzi ojikelezayo unokuqaqamba kwiindawo ezibandayo njengeglasi okanye isinyithi esithile, njengeefom zekhephu. Oku kwaziwa njengeqabaka, kodwa ziikristale zamanzi ezinomgaqo-siseko oqheleke kakhulu kwaye owenziwe kakuhle.
Amanzi aqandayo. Nangona umkhenkce unje awuyikristale, kwinqanaba lokuqala lokumiswa kwamanzi kunokwenzeka ukubona ukwenziwa kweedendrites kunye nolunye ulwakhiwo olurhaxwe kwisikhongozeli olufana kakhulu nokubonakala ziikristale.
Amanzi aphuma etyuwa. Le nkqubo ixhaphake kakhulu ekufumaneni iikristali zetyuwa kunye netyuwa emanzini. Xa ubilisa, ulwelo luba ziigesi kwaye iityuwa ezichithwe kuyo zihlala, zidibanisa iimolekyuli zazo ezingathi ziikristale zetyuwa emazantsi.
Ukuveliswa kweasprini. I-Acetylsalicylic acid, ikhompawundi esebenzayo yeyeza elithandwayo, eneneni yi-ester ekhazimlisa ubukho be-anhydride ye-ethanoic kunye asidi isulfuric, ukongeza kwisitofu sobushushu.
Ubusika beoyile. Le nkqubo iluncedo ekufumaneni iioyile zokucaca okukhulu kwaye uxinano olusezantsi, ukusuka kukupholisa okukhawulezileyo kunye nokuzinzileyo kweoyile ukwenza ukuba i-crystallization ye-stearins, i-glycerides egcweleyo, ii-wax kunye nezinye izinto ezingafunekiyo. Nje ukuba ezi zinto zenziwe ziikristale eziqinileyo, ziyahluzwa kwaye icentrifuge ioyile ngaphambi kokuba baphinde bafumane amatyala abo kwaye bakhutshiwe umxube.
Iswekile crystallization. I-Sucrose kunye nezinye izinto ezithandekayo ezinentengiso yazo ikwiikristali eziza kunyibilika kwiziselo, ziye zenza inkqubo ye-crystallization kwisiraphu eswiti evela kuyo. Emva koko umxube u-centrifuged ukwahlula iikristal zobusi. Iswekile "blond" okanye "emdaka", hayi emhlophe, iswekile ngoku kwinqanaba layo lokuqala lekristali (engacaciswanga).
Amakristali ahlanganisiweyo ekhabhoni. Ixhomekeke kuxinzelelo olukhulu olungaphantsi komhlaba kunye neenkqubo ezicothayo ze-metamorphosis, ikhabhoni inokuba yiyo nayiphi na i-allotropes yayo: icarbon, grafayithi okanye idayimane. Eli tyala lokugqibela ngumzekelo weglasi, kabani iiathom zihlangene ngokusondeleyo kangangokuba zibonisa ubunzima kunye nezantsi kakhulu Indawo yokunyibilika yamkelwe.
Ukubuyela umva umva. Abanye yomelele ukuba xa kutyhilwa kubushushu kudlula kwimeko yegesi (Sublimation) inokuphinda ifumane ubume bayo bomzimba njengamakristali, xa ifunyenwe ukwehla kobushushu, kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-reverse sublimation. Kwinkqubo ukungcola kwe-solid kuya kulahleka kwaye kuya kubakho iikristali ezinyulu endaweni yazo. Le nkqubo iluncedo ekucoceni iodine okanye isalfure, umzekelo.
Ukucocwa kweSilicon. Nangona i-silicon ingathathi ntweni, kunokwenzeka ukuba uyicoce ngokuyinyibilikisa kwaye emva koko uyikhethe ngokuzipholisa, ukucoca ukungcola okunyibilikileyo okusuka kwisinyibilikisi esinye sesikristale esinye esisetyenzisiweyo icandelo le-superconductor.
Benzoic acid crystallization. Le nkqubo ye-crystallization ivela kwisisombululo se-benzoic acid kwi-acetone, ngokudibanisa okulula kwamanzi. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi nyibilikisi zimbini ludala umxube omtsha kwaye i-benzoic acid icacisa ezantsi kwesikhongozeli.
Ulwakhiwo lwelitye lekalika. Njengale mollusks, iikorale kunye neebivalve, ezithi zenziwe ngokusebenza okuthile protein azinakukuthintela kuphela, kodwa zibumba ukwenziwa kweekhalsti okanye iikristale zelitye elulwalweni eziza kuthi zenze ikoloni yazo.
Ukwenziwa kwekristale yemolekyuli. Kwizinto ezifana nesalfure dioxide (SO₂), Imikhosi yeVan der Waals kunye ne-hydrogen bond zikhokelela ekwakhiweni kweekristali zeemolekyuli, ezihlala ziqhekeka kwaye zinyibilika ngaphantsi kwe-100 ° C.
Iikristali zesilivere zeefilimu. Ukufumana iikristali zesilivere kuluncedo kwizixhobo ezithile zokwenza umboniso bhanyabhanya okanye kwishishini lokuqala lokufota (hayi elenziwe ngedijithali), kuba zinolwazelelelo ekukhanyeni kwaye zivumela ulungelelwaniso ngokutsha lwento ngokokukhanya kokukhanya kwilensi. Zifumaneka kwi iikhompawundi zemichiza njengebromide yesilivere, i-chloride okanye iodide.
Amakristali e-calcium oxalate. Ezi kristali zenziwa kukubekwa uyaphuma kunye necalcium kwizintso, apho zidibanisa kwaye zenze amatye amnyama amnyama ekufuneka egxothwe kabuhlungu kunye nomchamo. Sisifo sezintso esiqhelekileyo esaziwa njengamatye ezintso, okanye "ilitye" okanye "grit" kwizintso.
Uric acid crystallization. Esi sisenzeko sesi sifo esaziwa njenge ukuhla, apho i-uric acid crystals yenza kumalungu, ibangela iintlungu kunye nokuhla intshukumo. Inokuba sisiphumo sokufakwa kweepurine ngokugqithileyo, okanye ukusilela kwezintso ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo.