Amakhowa

Umxholo

• Imizekelo yamakhowa

Igama "amakhowaLigama eliqhelekileyo kubukumkani bonke babantu iikopi (abanini beeseli ezixineneyo) ezaziwa njenge ngundo, kwaye zihlala zibandakanya amakhowa, ukungunda kunye negwele (nangona ngakumbi eyangaphambili), kuba zahlukile kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana kubume bebhayoloji nakwiindlela zazo zokondla nokuzala.

Umzekelo, amalungu obukumkani ngundo Zineeseli ezinikezwe udonga lwebhayoloji njengezityalo, kodwa endaweni yokuba zenziwe ngeselulose, zenziwe nge-chitin, ikhompawundi efanayo efumaneka kwigobolondo lezinambuzane. Kwangelo xesha, bazala ngesondo kwaye iziqhelo, ngokuveliswa kweembewu; zizinto ezingashukumiyo kubukho bazo kwaye zondla ngokuvundiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwizinto ezininzi kakhulu kwaye Iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala kunokwenzeka.

Inkqubo ye- izinto eziphilayo yefungi ibanzi kakhulu, kukho iifungi ezityiwayo nezinetyhefu, isikhunta esonakalisayo kunye nesendle, esetyenziswa ngumntu, iikoprophiles kunye neepyrophiles, kodwa ngokubanzi zidinga iimeko ezithile zokufuma kunye nezondlo ukuze zikhule. Kungenxa yoko le nto kunokwenzeka ukuba uzifumane kwiintlango, kwiindawo ezinetyuwa, ezichazwe kwimitha ye-ionizing okanye kumgangatho wamahlathi afumileyo.

Isebe lesayensi elinikezelwe kufundo lwezi ntlobo zezinto laziwa njengeMycology.

Imizekelo yamakhowa

1. Amakhowa aqhelekileyo (I-Agaricus bisporus). Amakhowa okutya ngokugqwesa, azalelwa eYurophu nakuMntla Melika, ayinxalenye yezinto ezininzi zokutya kwaye zilinywa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ihlala imhlophe, inehafa emfutshane nomnqwazi ongqukuva.
2. Ikhowa yeReishi (IGanoderma lucidum). I-fungus ye-parasitic ye-bark yeentlobo ezininzi zemithi, esasazwa kwimimandla yetropiki neqondo eliphakathi, yenye yamakhowa amadala aziwayo. Zihlala zinemibala eyahlukileyo, enomnqwazi omile okwezintso kwaye ugqunywe ngumaleko we-lacquer.
3. I-mushroom yomsila waseTurkey (Iitramet ngokudibeneyo). Ixhaphake kakhulu kwaye yahlukile kumbala wayo, le mushroom emile ngomsila ithathwa njengonyango ngamasiko amaTshayina amandulo, nokuba isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokunceda umhlaza. Ihlala ikhula kumthi omileyo womthi, ematyeni, okanye kumathambeka.
4. Iapilkosi eluhlaza (Amanita phalloides). I-fungus yokufa eyoyikekayo, ikepusi ebulalayo okanye i-hemlock eluhlaza, yenye yezona zinto zinetyhefu eyaziwayo. Ukufana kakhulu namanye amakhowa atyiwayo, kuhlala kungunobangela wetyhefu ebulalayo, enefuthe elikhawulezileyo esibindini nasezintso. Banomzimba omncinci kwaye omde, nomnqwazi obanzi, otyheli..
5. Zijonge (ILactarius deliciosus). Ikwabizwa ngokuba zii-chanterelles okanye i-robellones, ziindawo eziqhelekileyo zokutya eSpeyin, eziqhelekileyo zemithi yompayini kunye namahlathi axubekileyo. Zivela ekwindla, zinomzimba omdaka namhlophe onyawo olugobileyo nolufutshane, othi, xa wophukileyo, ukhuphe i-latex eorenji. Ziphekwe kwi-stews kwaye zihlala zihamba kunye nenyama.
6. Isonka saseIndiya (ICyttaria harioti). I-Llao llao okanye isonka sase-Indiya, yintsholongwane ye-Pasgonian imithi (i-ñire kunye ne-coihue ngokukodwa), yommandla wase-Chile kunye ne-Argentina yaseMzantsi Melika. Ziyatyiwa. Inkangeleko yayo ithintela imiphantsi ye-savian yomthi kwaye umthi uhlala uvelisa amaqhina ukugqitha ukucinywa, uphawu olubonakalayo lobukho bawo.
7. I-huitlacoche okanye i-cuitlacoche (Ustilago maydis). I-fungus etyiwayo, i-parasite yengqolowa, ehlasela iindlebe ezincinci kwaye ibonakale inyongo engwevu emnyama njengoko ikhula. EMexico, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuthathwa njengelifa lemveli yoAztec, kwaye izitya ezininzi zenziwe ngayo.
8. Amakhowa eMongui (Psilocybe semilanceata). Ukulinganisa phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-5 cm, kunye nomnqwazi omhlophe nomdaka ovuthayo njengoko ikhula, le mushroom yase-hallucinogenic yaseYurophu isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-psychotropic. Iziphumo zalo zichasene naleyo ye-serotonin, evelisa ukusebenza kunye nokuxubusha okunokuthi kukhokelele kwiparanoia nakwi-mania.
9. Ipom pom (Amanita muscaria). Ifungus eqhelekileyo, inesiciko esibomvu esinokuphutha i-oronja kwaye, kumanqanaba aso okuqala, sigqunywe ziinwele ezimhlophe. Yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-hallucinogen kunye ne-neurotoxic, etyhefa izinambuzane eziwela kumnqwazi wayo kwaye igcine umthombo wayo wezinto eziphilayo.
10. IPenicillin ngundo (IPenicillium chrysogenum). Ndiyabulela ukubonakala ngengozi kwale fungus kwiziphumo zovavanyo luka-Alexander Fleming, sifumene isibulala-zintsholongwane esiphambili kwimbali, ipenicillin. Kukho usapho lonke lomngundo olukwaziyo ukufihla amayeza.
11. UJudas Indlebe (IAuricularia auricula-judae). I-fungus etyiwayo ekhula kwixolo kunye namasebe afileyo emithi kwaye inombala opinki, yiyo loo nto inxulunyaniswa nephina lomntu. Iyatyiwa kwaye inezinto ezibulala iintsholongwane kunye nezokulwa nokudumba.
12. Shitake(I-Lentinula edode). Amakhowa atyiwayo aqheleke kakhulu kwindawo yokutya yaseAsia, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "mushroom yehlathi elimnyama" okanye "mushroom weentyatyambo" kumagama abo endawo. Imelwe ukuba izalelwe e-China, apho ikhula ngokwesiko emthini okanye kwizityalo zokwenziwa. Owona mvelisi mkhulu wehlabathi yiJapan.
13. Iitruffle ezimnyama (Isiqulatho seMelanosporum). Olunye uhlobo lwee-mushroom ezinokutyiwa, zixatyiswe kakhulu ngenxa yevumba kunye nencasa. Ivela emhlabeni ebusika yaseYurophu kwaye inombonakalo omnyama, onomphezulu omdaka. Yinto eqhelekileyo yokongeza kwi-foie gras kunye neesosi ezahlukeneyo.
14. I-candida yoluntu (ICandida albicans). Le fungus ihlala ifumaneka emlonyeni, emathunjini nakwilungu lobufazi, kwaye inxulumene nokwetyiswa kweswekile ngokuvumba. Kodwa inokuthi ibe yintsholongwane kwaye ivelise isifo segwele, sisifo esixhaphakileyo nesinyangeka ngokugqibeleleyo ngesondo.
15. Unyawo lweembaleki (Epidermophyton floccosum). Le fungus sesinye sezizathu ezinokubangela ukuba umntu athande ukungunda eluswini lomntu (irhashalala), ngakumbi xa kunjalo, njengakwimbaleki, iphantsi kobushushu obugqithisileyo kunye nokufuma. Benza iikoloni ezimnyama bumthubi okanye luhlaza.
16. Ikhowe leVelvet(Flammulina velutipes). Amakhowa atyayo aneziqu ezinde kunye nemibala eyahlukeneyo, exatyiswa kakhulu kwi-gastronomy yaseJapan ngobunkunkqele bayo kunye nobuninzi bayo kwixolo lomthi.
17. Amakhowa eBioluminescent (I-Omphalotus nidiformis). Ngokuqhelekileyo i-Australia ne-Tasmania, kunye ne-India, eli khowa linobume obumhlophe, obungaqhelekanga bendlwane, obukhanyisa ebumnyameni. Zizo ezahluke kakhulu nangona zinetyhefu kwaye zingatyi.
18. Ikopi ebomvuISarcoscypha coccinea). Ehlabathini lonke kukho ifungus, ekhula kwizinti nakumasebe abolayo kumgangatho wamahlathi afumileyo, ohlobo oluqhelekileyo olujikelezileyo nolupinki. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengonyango kuyaziwa, nangona ukuqaqamba kwayo kusephantsi kwengxoxo ngababhali abakhethekileyo.
19. I-Aflatoxin fungus (I-Aspergillus flavus). Rhoqo kumbona kunye namandongomane, kunye neikhaphethi ezinde ezimanzi, le fungus inxulunyaniswa nezifo zemiphunga kwaye ine-allergenic ephezulu, iyakwazi ukufihla i-mycotoxins ebulalayo.
20. Umngundo omnyama (I-Stachybotrys chartarum). Ityhefu kakhulu, obu bumba buvame ukuvela kwizakhiwo ezishiyiweyo apho kukho izinto ezininzi eziphilayo, ukufuma okuphezulu kunye nokukhanya okuncinci, kunye nokutshintshiselana komoya. Ukuphefumla iintsholongwane zayo kuvelisa ityhefu kunye nokukhohlela okungapheliyo, kuxhomekeke kubude kunye nokuqina kokuvezwa kwii-mycotoxins zayo.

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