Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- iintlobo zoncwadi Ziludidi lwamacandelo okuhlela izicatshulwa ezakha uncwadi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ubume bayo kunye nomxholo wayo.
Uhlobo loncwadi lucebisa isivumelwano somsebenzi ngamnye ngokubhekisele kwindlela ekufuneka ifundwe ngayo, nokuba yintoni ekufanele ukuba ilindelwe kuwo, nokuba zeziphi iimpawu ezingundoqo ekufuneka zibenjalo, njl.
- Qaphela kwakhona: Isicatshulwa soncwadi
Zithini iintlobo zoncwadi?
Nangona iintlobo zoncwadi zindidi ezahluka ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye zisabela kwindlela olwenziwe ngayo uncwadi ngexesha elinikiweyo, namhlanje bayaqonda iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili ezichaziweyo:
- Uhlobo lokubalisayo. Ibonakaliswa ngokuchazwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kwebali okanye uthotho lwamabali, emlonyeni wombalisi othile. Eminye imiba engezantsi yile: ibali elifutshane, inoveli, imbali kunye nomxholo omncinci.
- Uhlobo lwemibongo. Iphawulwa ngenkululeko yendlela yokuthetha ngokubhekisele kwisicatshulwa ngokuziqambela ngokwasemoyeni, nangokunkcenkceshela okanye ukucacisa ulwimi lwakho ukuluchaza. Iicatshulwa zemibongo zihlala zibhalwa kwivesi kwaye zisebenzisa isingqisho, nangona kukho nemibhalo yesihobe ebhalwe kwiprozi. Ezinye iziqulatho zezi: umbongo, ukuthandana, ikopi, ihaiku, ii-obituaries.
- Umdlalo weqonga. Ibonakaliswa ngokuyilwa komelo lwamva kwithiyetha. Libali elinomlinganiswa omnye okanye nangaphezulu, ngaphandle kwalo naluphi na uhlobo lombalisi kwaye lubekwe kumdlalo oyintsomi. Ezinye iziqendu zezi: intlekele, umdlalo ohlekisayo, isifo esibuhlungu.
Kuxhomekeke kudidi, uhlobo lwesine loncwadi oluhlala lubhekiswa koku:
- Isincoko. Iphawulwa ngendlela yasimahla, ethandwayo kunye neyenziwayo kuwo nawuphi na umxholo, oko kukuthi, ukubonakaliswa kunye nokuchazwa kwembono ngokubhekisele kwinto ekhethwe ngumbhali, kungekho nolunye ukhuthazo ngaphandle kokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo: uyolo lokucinga ngokukhululekileyo ngelixa uhlonipha kwaye Zenzele izigqibo.
Imizekelo yoncwadi
- Imibongo (kwivesi): "15", nguPablo Neruda
Ndiyakuthanda xa uzivalela ngenxa yokuba ungekho,
undive usekude, nelizwi lam alikuchukumisi
Kubonakala ngathi amehlo akho abalekile
kwaye kubonakala ngathi ukwanga kuya kuvala umlomo wakho
Njengoko zonke izinto zizaliswe ngumphefumlo wam
uphuma kwizinto, uzaliswe ngumphefumlo wam
Iphupha lebhabhathane, ubukeka njengomphefumlo wam,
Kwaye ujongeka njengegama elincancisayo
Ndiyakuthanda xa uzivalela kwaye ufana nokude
Kwaye ufana nokukhalaza, ibhabhathane lullaby
Kwaye undive kude, kwaye ilizwi lam musa ukufikelela kuwe:
Ndivumele ndizithule cwaka
Makhe ndithethe nawe uthe cwaka
icace njengesibane, ilula njengomsesane
Unjengobusuku, uthe cwaka kwaye ubumbene
Ukuthula kwakho kuvela kwiinkwenkwezi, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwaye kulula
Ndiyakuthanda xa uzivalela umlomo kuba ufana nokungabikho
Ukude kwaye kubuhlungu ngokungathi ubhubhile
Igama ke, uncumo lwanele
Kwaye ndiyavuya, ndiyavuya ayiyonyani.
Eminye imizekelo kwi:
- Imibongo ebhalwe ngobunyani
- Imibongo emifutshane
- Imbali (ibali elifutshane): "I-Dinosaur" ngu-Augusto Monterroso
Xa evukayo, idayinaso yayisekhona.
- IDramaturgy: "IVenice" nguJorge Accame (Isiqwenga)
UMARTA Ah. Ewe, njengokuba inenekazi liphakamisa abathengi ngemali kwaye linyamalale iintsuku ezininzi ...
GRACIELA.- Uthetha ukuthini?
IMARTA- Oko, kanye. Into yokuba eli nenekazi alinabo abathengi, linamakhwenkwe.
GRACIELA.- Ibaluleke ngantoni loo nto kuwe? Ndifaka igalelo kwelewele elinye, okanye akunjalo?
RITA.- (To Marta) Mshiye yedwa. Kwiminyaka yakhe wenza okufanayo.
MARTA.- Kwiminyaka yakho, kubudala bakho! Kwaye ungena ntoni, ukuba ndithetha naye?
CHATO.- (KuGraciela) Graciela, andithi?
GRACIELA.- Ndiyeke, sidengendini, awuboni ukuba ndiyalwa? (To Marta) Yintoni onayo ngakum?
(…)
- Ingxelo (ibali elifutshane): "Ulonwabo lwaseClandestine" nguClarice Lispector (Inkcazo)
Wayetyebile, emfutshane, erhawuzelele, kwaye egobile kakhulu, iinwele ezimthubi kancinci. Wayenomdla omkhulu, ngelixa sonke sasisicaba. Njengokuba oko kwakunganelanga, iipokotho ezimbini zeblawuzi yakhe zazaliswa ilekese ngaphezu kwesifuba sakhe. Kodwa wayenayo nayiphi na intombazana yokutya okuhlekisayo eyayingathanda ukuba nayo: utata ongumnini wevenkile yeencwadi.
Khange ayisebenzise kakhulu. Kwaye besingaphantsi kangako: nkqu nangemihla yokuzalwa, endaweni yencwadi encinci enexabiso eliphantsi, angasinika iposikhadi kwivenkile kayise. Ngasentla bekuhlala kuyindawo yeRecife, isixeko esasihlala kuso, kunye neebhlorho zaso ngaphezu kokubonwayo (...)
- Imibongo (ngeprose): "21" ngu-Oliverio Girondo
Vumela imisindo igqobhoze amazinyo akho, njengefayile yamazinyo, kwaye inkumbulo yakho izalise umhlwa, ivumba elibolileyo kunye namagama aphukileyo.
Ngamana umlenze wesigcawu ungakhula kwimbobo yakho nganye; ukuba ungondla kuphela kumakhadi asetyenzisiweyo kwaye ukulala kuyakunciphisa, njenge-steamroller, kubukhulu bomfanekiso wakho.
Ukuba xa uphuma uye esitratweni, nkqu nezibane ziyakukhahlela; Ngamana ukunyaniseka okungenakuphikiswa kunganyanzela ukuba uguqe phambi kweenqanawa zenkunkuma kwaye banokuthi bonke abahlali besi sixeko bakuphosele indawo yepikniki.
(…)
Imvelaphi yoncwadi
Inzame yokuqala yokuhlela imisebenzi yobugcisa yelizwi yenziwa sisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle kweyakhe Imibongo (IV BC) kwaye kubandakanya ezi ntlobo zilandelayo, abazali esaziyo namhlanje:
- Ingqungquthela. Endaweni yokubaliswa, inikezela ukuphinda kusetyenzwe ngeziganeko ezintsomi okanye zembali yamandulo yesiko lenkcubeko (njengeMfazwe yeTrojan, kwimeko ye Iliad kaHomer), edluliswa ngumbalisi, nangona kusetyenziswa inkcazo kunye neengxoxo. Ngelo xesha, le ngoma yayiculwa zii-rhapsody.
- Ingoma. Iyafana nemibongo yangoku, nangona ikwasondele kakhulu ekuculeni nasekuculeni. Kolu hlobo lobugcisa umbhali bekufanele ukuba abhale iivesi ukubonisa ngolwimi lwakhe iimvakalelo zakhe, ukuthobela kwakhe kunye noxabiso analo malunga nomxholo okhuthazayo.
- Idrama enkulu. Ngokulinganayo kuhlobo lwangoku oluphawulekayo, yayiyincwadi yokubhala yeqonga eyadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkcubeko yamaGrike amandulo kulwakhiwo lweemvakalelo nokuziphatha kwabemi bayo. Uninzi lwazo lwalubonisa iintsomi kunye namabali anemvelaphi yezenkolo.
- Qhubeka ne: Imisinga yoncwadi
