Umbhali:
Laura McKinney
Umhla Wokudalwa:
9 Utshazimpuzi 2021
Hlaziya Umhla:
16 Ucanzibe 2024
Umxholo
Ukuthatha ingqalelo kwimvelaphi yayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlele yonke into eyaziwayo izinto zendalo kwaye izinto ezingezizo ezendalo. Igama "into" lithetha ukuba "zizinto ezinyulu" ezinemizimba eyenziwe ziiathom okanye iimolekyuli ezifanayo (ayingomxube).
- Inkqubo ye- izinto zendalo zezo zihlala zifunyanwa kwindalo, nokuba zezokuphilayo okanye akunjalo, ekufumaneni kubandakanya kuphela umzamo ofunekayo wokukhupha kunye nokuqokelela izinto, njengakwimeko yezimbiwa kuqweqwe lomhlaba.
- Inkqubo ye- izinto ezingezizo ezendalookanye zokwenziwa Zizinto ezenziweyo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu, kwimizi-mveliso, kwimetallurgies okanye kwiilebhu, nokuba zizinto ezintsha nezingekhoyo, okanye iimpendulo zokwenziwa kwezinto zendalo, ezinjengee-resins kunye namalaphu okwenziwa.
Ingakukhonza:
- Imizekelo yeZinto eziSulungekileyo kunye neMixube
Ezinye iindlela zokwahlula izinto
Izinto zinokwahlulwa zibe izintoelula kunye nezintoikhompawundiIzinto zangaphambili azinakuboliswa zibe zizinto ezisemgangathweni, oko kukuthi, "zicocekile", ngelixa ezihlanganisiweyo zinokwahlulwa zibe zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezilula.
Okokugqibela, kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlele kubo izinto eziphilayo nezinto ezingaphiliyo, ngokwee-atom ekujikeleze ukwakheka kwazo: zonke izinto eziphilayo zisekwe ikakhulu kwikhabhoni, ngelixa izinto ezingaphiliyo zinokubonisa nayiphi indibaniselwano yezinto, kubandakanya nekhabhon, kodwa ngaphandle kwale nto iphambili.
Imizekelo yezinto zendalo
- Amanzi. Eyona nto iphilayo ininzi emhlabeni, amanzi, ibalulekile ekuveleni nasekugcinweni kobomi. Imolekyuli yayo elula, ezimbini iiathom ye-hydrogen kunye neoksijini enye, kwaye iyimveliso kunye nemveliso ezininzi iimpendulo zamachiza kwaye ininzi ngohlobo lwegesi kumoya wethu. Kuqikelelwa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-70 zomphezulu womhlaba ngamanzi aphakathi kokuqina nolwelo.
- Uboya. Ifayibha yendalo efihliweyo kwizilwanyana zosapho lweebhokhwe kunye nezinye zeecamelids, ezisebenza njengendawo yokuzikhusela kunye nengqele. Le fiber isetyenziselwa amalaphu, ke iyachetywa kwaye ilungiswe.
- Irabha. Polymer I-elastic, engenawo amanzi kunye neepropathi ezinganyangekiyo, ezahlulwe ngumthi wegama elifanayo kunye neminye imithi yetropiki, ekhutshwe kweziqu zayo ngohlobo lwencindi yobisi. Ibisetyenziswa ukususela kumaxesha akudala ukwenza iimbiza kunye nezinye izikhongozeli, kwaye kumaxesha anamhlanje kumawakawaka ezicelo zeshishini, ezinje ngamatayara ezimoto. Namhlanje, nangona kunjalo, iveliswa ngokufanelekileyo.
- Umthi. Yenziwe ngeselulose kunye ne-lignin, iinkuni zifunyanwa esiqwini semithi, sikhula unyaka nonyaka ngenkqubo yemisesane yokugxininisa. Le nto isebenziseka kakhulu emntwini ngenxa yeempawu zobulukhuni, luthambe kunye nokutsha, kokubini ukukrolwa kwezixhobo kunye neempahla, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kunye nanjengoko Ingca ukutshisa ii-oveni kunye neetshimini.
- Intsimbi. Into yentsimbi, ukumelana, i-ductile kunye nemagnethi, ethambekele kakhulu kwi igcwala, ezihlala zenzeka kwindalo ngohlobo lwee-oxides kunye neeminerali zemixube. Intsimbi kwimeko yayo emsulwa inqabile, kodwa inokufumaneka kwimithombo yendalo kwaye isetyenziswe kwisinyithi ukufezekisa ingxubevange.
- Amalahle. Enye yeendlela zekhabhon kwindalo, kunye negraphite kunye nedayimane, yicarbon. Kuzo zontathu iimeko ziyindibaniselwano yeeathom zale element, kodwa zilungelelaniswe ngendlela eyahluke mpela, ukuze ezinye zixhathise kunezinye kwaye zibe neempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba.
- Ityuwa yolwandle. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-sodium chloride (NaCl), ityuwa eqhelekileyo yinto engaqhelekanga eveliswa yimanyano ye-athomu yesodiyam kunye nenye ye-chlorine, ngendlela eqinileyo yeekristal ezimhlophe. Inokufumaneka ngokulula ngumphunga amanzi olwandle, kuba ulwelo luyanyamalala kwaye ziikristale zetyuwa ezihleliyo.
- Helium. Njengoninzi lwe Iigesi ezintle (egalelwe).
- Nacre. Le nto ilukhuni, iridescent kunye nomhlophe iqulathe ikristal calcium carbonate, into ephilayo kunye namanzi, ngokudityaniswa okukodwa okunokuthi uninzi lweemollusk zaselwandle luvelise ngaphakathi koonokrwece babo, ukulungisa umonakalo kuyo kunye nokuvumela ukuba kugcinwe indawo yabo yokubalekela.
- Iswekile. Iswekile ekhoyo kwiziqhamo, kubusi nakwigazi lezilwanyana (kubandakanya umntu) ngu imonaccharide yefomula yeC6H12OKANYE6 ukubaluleka kwayo kwimetabolism yezilwanyana kuyinkunzi, kuba yeyona nto iphambili yokugcina amandla kunye nesiqwenga esibalulekileyo kulwakhiwo lweekhompawundi ezinzima.
Imizekelo yezinto ezenziwe ngumntu
- I-Aspirin. I-Acetylsalicylic acid, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-aspirin, sisixhobo esivela kwi-bark yomthi womngcunube omhlophe, namhlanje odityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwinqanaba lokucoceka okuphezulu kwiilebhu. Kuyinto non-steroidal anti-ukudumba kunye iintlungu, nto leyo ithathwa njengelona chiza lisetyenziswa kakhulu ehlabathini.
- Iglasi. Le nto idlulayo, inzima kwaye inyibilika ifunyenwe ngokunyibilika komxube wesilica kunye nezinye iziseko njenge potash okanye isoda, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukwenza izikhongozeli, ukugquma iifestile, okanye iglasi yemoto. Le yenye yezona zinto zenziwe ehlabathini, kuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo ekhaya kuphezulu kakhulu.
- Uranium-233. Yeyona isotopu zincinci ze-uranium, a izimbiwa Inqabile kwiplanethi yethu enokusetyenziswa kuhlobo lwenyukliya ukusombulula amandla. Ngapha koko, ibhombu ye-athomu yehla eJapan iqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo zentsimbi. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko wama-233 awukho kwindalo kodwa uveliswa kwi-thorium yendalo.
- Isamente. Ekuqaleni imveliso yomxube wecalcined kunye nodongwe lomhlaba kunye nelitye lekalika, elongezwa kulo i-gypsum kwaye kamva igrabile kunye nesanti, lo mgubo usetyenziswa kakhulu kulwakhiwo nakwinjineli yobunjineli, ukusukela xa kusongezwa amanzi, kwakhiwa incindi efanayo. oluthambileyo kunye neplastiki eqinisa ukwenza ikhonkrithi okanye isamente, yobulukhuni belitye.
- Iplastiki. Izinto zokwenziwa ezifunyenwe yinkqubo ye-polymerization yeetyathanga zekhabhoni kwi- iikhompawundi eziphilayo Iziphumo zePetroleum (hydrocarbon). Inokuba sesona sixhobo sivelisiweyo sivelisiweyo emhlabeni, nesicelo esingenakubalwa kwiindawo zobunjineli, ezorhwebo kwanamayeza.
- Isiseko seferridi. Ezi zinto zadityaniswa kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20, kwaye zingamanzi, athi phambi kobukho bemagnethi, aqhubeke nokupola. Banobungozi obugqithisileyo kwimagnetism ("superparamagnetic"), kuba zenziwe nge-magnetic nanoparticles eziqulethwe kulwelo olungabavumeli ukuba badibane. Zezona ndawo zikufutshane ezikhoyo kulwelo lwe-ferromagnetic ngolu hlobo.
- I-Airgel. Ikwabizwa ngokuba "ngumsi omkhenkce", yinto ebonakalayo efana nejeli, apho ulwelo lutshintshiselwa ngerhasi, ngaloo ndlela kufunyanwa isibane esilula kakhulu nesisezantsi. mninzi, i-porous, inikwe amandla amakhulu e ukwahlulwa kobushushu. Yadalwa ngo-1931 kwaye ukusukela ngoko yaveliswa kwizinto ezininzi, njenge graphene.
- IiNanotubes zecarbon. It is a state-of-the-art nanomaterial, hydrophobic ephezulu, efunyenwe ngokulungisa ngobuninzi ubukhulu bekhabhoni ukufezekisa iifom ze-allotropic (ezinje ngedayimani okanye i-fullerene), ngeli xesha njengephepha legraphite elizisongelayo. Bancinci kwaye baneempawu ezimangazayo, ezinje ngakwicala elinye, zombane superconductors kwaye ikwazi ukumelana namaxesha ayi-100 ngaphezulu koxinzelelo kunentsimbi.
- IPerfluorocarbons. Ukuba iiathom zehydrojini zehydrocarbon zithathelwa indawo ziiathom ze fluorine, kufunyenwe iperfluorocarbon, into eneempawu ezinokulawulwa ukusuka kubude beetyathanga zekhabhon eziyenzileyo, kwaye zinokuba ziigesi okanye zingamanzi. Oku kuyenza ibe luncedo kakhulu kunyango (njengokugcwalisa imisebenzi yamehlo) okanye ifriji enamandla.
- Amafutha dlulisa. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba uzifumane ngexabiso elincinci kubisi okanye kumanqatha omzimba ezilwanyana, uninzi lwee Amafutha adlulayo Ukutya esikusebenzisayo kushishino kusisiphumo se-hydrogenation yamafutha, njengokutya okukhawulezileyo kunye nokutya okwenziweyo okanye okwenziwe ngobisi okunjengemargarine. Ngaba amafutha Ziyingozi ngakumbi emzimbeni, kuba zinciphisa i-cholesterol elungileyo kwaye zonyusa i-cholesterol embi.
Ingakukhonza:
- Imizekelo yeNdalo kunye nezinto zokwenza izinto
