Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- Imfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yayiyimpikiswano yezopolitiko neyomkhosi kumhlaba wonke owenzeka phakathi Ngo-1939 nango-1945, apho uninzi lwamazwe ehlabathi babandakanyeka kwaye imele enye yezona zigigaba zembali nezenkcubeko zekhulu lama-20, zinikwe imeko yeMfazwe Iyonke (uqoqosho olupheleleyo, ukuzimisela kwezomkhosi kunye nokuzibophelela kwezomkhosi) kuthathwa omabini amacala abandakanyekayo.
Impixano kwaxabisa ubomi babantu abaphakathi kwama-50 nama-70 ezigidi, bobabini abahlali nabezomkhosi, kwizigidi ezingama-26 ezazingamalungu e-USSR (kwaye zizigidi ezili-9 kuphela ezazingumkhosi). Ityala elithile lenziwa zizigidi zabantu ababulawa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso nezokugxothwa, baphantsi kobume obungaphantsi kobomntu okanye kuvavanyo lwezonyango kunye neekhemikhali, ezinje phantse malunga nezigidi ezi-6 zamaYuda ezazitshabalaliswa ngurhulumente waseJamani weSocialist. Eyokugqibela yabizwa ngokuba kukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo.
Kule nto Kuya kufuneka kongezwe ukusweleka okuninzi okubangelwe ziziphumo zoqoqosho zongquzulwano kwihlabathi liphelaNjengendlala yaseBengal eyathi yaphantse yaphantse yaphantse yaphantse ibe sisigidi esi-4 samaIndiya, kwaye esihlala singahoywa yimbali esemthethweni yongquzulwano, inani labo ababhubhileyo linokuba ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-100.
Amacala ajongene nawo ngexesha lemfazwe ayebini: the Amazwe amanyeneyo, ikhokelwa yiFrance, iNgilani, iUnited States neSoviet Union; kwaye i Amagunya eAxis, ekhokelwa yiJamani, i-Itali neFrance. La mazwe okugqibela enza i-axis ebizwa ngokuba yi-Berlin-Rome-Tokyo-axis..
Oonobangela beMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi
Izizathu zongquzulwano ziyahluka kwaye zinobunzima, kodwa zinokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo:
- Imigaqo yeSivumelwano saseVersailles. Emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala, kwagqitywa isivumelwano sokunikezela ngaphandle kwemiqathango kwimo ecinezelayo eJamani, eyayithintela ilizwe elalitshatyalalisiwe ukuba lingaphindi libe nomkhosi, lahlutha ulawulo lwamathanga alo ase-Afrika, kwaye lafaka ityala elingenakoyiswa eUnited States. Oku kuye kwabangela ukwaliwa okuxhaphakileyo kunye nembono yokuba isizwe sasihlatyiwe ngasemva kwaye siphantsi kolawulo lwamandla angaphandle afana neUSSR.
- Imbonakalo Adolf Hitler kunye nezinye iinkokeli akuyo. Ezi nkokheli zopolitiko ziyayazi indlela yokuxhasa ukungoneliseki okuthandwayo nokwakha iintshukumo ezinamandla zelizwe, ezona njongo zazo yayikukuphinda ubuye ubungangamsha besizwe ngokulwa amacandelo ezentlalo abanzi, ukwandiswa kwemimandla yesizwe kunye nokusekwa koorhulumente abangoozwilakhe (iqela elikhethekileyo). Injalo imeko ye-German National Socialist Workers Party (yamaNazi), okanye i-Fascio yase-Italiya ekhokelwa ngu-Benito Mussolini.
- Ukudakumba Okukhulu kwee-1930. Le ngxaki yezemali yamazwe aphesheya, echaphazele ngokukodwa amazwe aseYurophu athe ahlaselwa yiMfazwe Enkulu (iMfazwe yeHlabathi yokuQala), yenza ukuba kube nzima ukuba amazwe oxinzelelekileyo amelane nokunyuka kwe-fascism kunye nokwahlulwa kolawulo lwentando yesininzi. Ukongeza, inyanzelise ngakumbi abantu baseYurophu kwimeko yokuphelelwa lithemba eyayilungele ukuvela kwezindululo eziqinisekileyo.
- Imfazwe yamakhaya yaseSpain (1936-1939). Impikiswano enegazi yaseSpain apho urhulumente waseJamani wamaSoshiyali angenelela exhasa imikhosi yobukhosi kaFrancisco Franco, ekwaphula ngokungenalusini izivumelwano zamazwe angaphandle zokungenelela, kwangaxeshanye zasebenza njengobungqina bento entsha Luftwaffe IsiJamani (eyokuhamba ngenqwelomoya), nanjengobungqina bokuba neentloni kwamazwe amanyeneyo, athe amisa umlo ozayo kumda wokungakhathali owawusakhuthaza ubugorha baseJamani.
- Ukungavisisani phakathi kweSino-Japan. Emva kweeMfazwe zokuQala ze-Sino-Japan (1894-1895), ukungavisisani phakathi kwamandla anyukayo aseAsia eJapan kunye nabamelwane bayo abakhuphisanayo abanjengo China ne USSR bezingashukumi. Ubukhosi bukaHiro Hito basebenzise ngo-1932 imeko yobuthathaka apho iMfazwe yamakhaya phakathi kwamakomanisi kunye neeriphabliki yayishiye i-China, ukuqala iMfazwe yesiBini yeSino-yaseJapan kunye nokuhlala eManchuria. Esi yayiza kuba sisiqalo sokwanda kweJapan (ngakumbi eAsia Minor), eya kuthi ikhokelele kwibhombu yase-North American base Pearl Harbour kunye nokungena ngokusemthethweni e-United States kungquzulwano.
- Ukuhlasela kweJamani ePoland. Emva kokuthimba ngoxolo iAustria neSudeten yaseJamani eCzechoslovakia, urhulumente waseJamani waseka isivumelwano neUSSR sokwahlula umhlaba wasePoland. Ngaphandle kokuxhathisa kwezomkhosi okwakusenziwa leli lizwe lasempuma Yurophu, imikhosi yaseJamani yayibamba yaya kwiJamani yamaJamani eyayingoSeptemba 1, 1939, yabangela ukubhengezwa ngokusesikweni kwemfazwe yiFrance ne-United Kingdom, ngaloo ndlela ngokusesikweni yaqala ungquzulwano.
Iziphumo zeMfazwe yesibini (II) yeHlabathi
Ngelixa zonke iimfazwe zihlala zineziphumo ezibi kubemi bamazwe abandakanyekayo, ezo zeMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi zazibalasele kwaye zibalulekile ngokwembali:
- Phantse intshabalalo epheleleyo yeYurophu. Ukuqhushumbisa okubanzi nokutshabalalisayo kwezixeko zaseYurophu ngamacala omabini, njengowokuqala imvuemg IJamani (blitzkrieg) yandisa ulawulo lwe-axis kwisiqingatha seplanethi, kwaye emva kokuba amahlakani ekhulule umhlaba, oko kwakuthetha ukuba kutshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo ipaki yasezidolophini zaseYurophu, ethi kamva ifune utyalo-mali olukhulu loqoqosho ukuze iphinde yakhiwe. Omnye wale mithombo yezoqoqosho kwakubizwa ngokuba sisiCwangciso sikaMarshall esacetywa yi-United States.
- Ukuqala komhlaba oguquguqukayo. Imfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi yashiya amagunya aseYurophu, omabini ama-Allied kunye neAxis, etyhafile kangangokuba i-vanguard yezopolitiko yehlabathi yadlulela ezandleni zamagunya amabini amatsha alwayo: i-United States neSoviet Union. Bobabini baqala kwangoko ukukhuphisana nefuthe leenkqubo zabo zorhulumente, ubungxowankulu kunye nobukomanisi ngokwahlukeneyo, kwilizwe lonke, oko ke kwabangela ukuba kubekhona iMfazwe ebandayo.
- Icandelo laseJamani. Ukulawulwa kwamazwe amanyeneyo ngaphezulu kommandla waseJamani kwakubangelwa yiyantlukwano yeengcinga phakathi kwe-United States kunye ne-European allies, kunye ne-USSR. Ke, ilizwe lahlulwa-hlulwa laba zizizwe ezibini ezahlukileyo: iRiphabhlikhi yaseJamani, ubungxowankulu naphantsi kolawulo lwaseYurophu, kunye neJamani iDemocratic Republic, ikhomanisi naphantsi kolawulo lweSoviet. Eli candelo lalidume kakubi kwisixeko saseBerlin, apho kwakwakhiwa udonga lokwahlula iziqingatha ezibini kunye nokuthintela ukubaleka kwabemi kubukomanisi ukuya kummandla wongxowankulu, kwaye kwahlala kwade kwayimini yokuhlangana kwakhona kweJamani ngo-1991.
- Ukuqala koyikiso lwemfazwe yeatom. Ukuqhushumisa nge-athomu eHiroshima naseNagasaki yimikhosi yase-US, intlekele ebangele ukuzinikezela ngokungagungqiyo kweJapan kwiintsuku ezimbalwa emva koko, ikwabangela uloyiko lwemfazwe ye-athomu eya kuthi ibonakalise uMlo obandayo. Olu dushe luza kuba, kunye nengozi yaseChernobyl ngo-1986, eyona ntlekele imbi kwimbali yoluntu ibandakanya amandla e-athomu.
- Ukuqala kwefilosofi yokuphelelwa lithemba kwaseYurophu. Umbuzo ophindaphindiweyo ngexesha elinzima lasemva kwemfazwe ngabaphengululi baseYurophu ngokubhekisele kwindlela ungquzulwano olunje olunoburhalarhume olungenabuntu lwalunokwenzeka ngayo. Oku kukhokelele ekuzalweni kwefilosofi yokukhohlisa kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba, okuthe kwacel 'umngeni ukholo oluphambili kwisizathu nakwinkqubela phambili.
- Kamva iimfazwe. Ukuvalwa kwamandla okushiya ukuphela kongquzulwano kukhokelele kwimpikiswano phakathi kweFrance kunye neenkoloni zayo ezininzi zaseAsia, ezazibonisa iintshukumo zokwahlulahlula. Iimfazwe zamakhaya nazo zaqhambuka eGrisi naseTurkey ngezizathu ezifanayo.
- Umyalelo omtsha wezomthetho kunye noonozakuzaku. Emva kokuphela kwemfazwe, iZizwe eziManyeneyo (i-UN) zenziwa njengendawo yoMbutho weZizwe okhoyo, kwaye yanikwa uxanduva lokuphepha ungquzulwano lwexesha elizayo, ukubheja ngeendlela zoonozakuzaku kunye nobulungisa bamanye amazwe.
- Ukuqala kolawulo lobukholoniyali. Ukuphulukana namandla ezopolitiko kunye nefuthe laseYurophu kukhokelele ekuphulukaneni nolawulo kwiikholoni zalo kwiLizwe lesiThathu, oko ke kwavumela ukuqala kweenkqubo ezininzi zokuzimela kunye nokuphela kolawulo lwehlabathi lwaseYurophu.
