Amaziko emikhosi kaMaya

Umxholo

• Imbali yempucuko kaMaya
• Amaziko aphambili eMeya

Inkqubo ye- maya Yayiyimpucuko yangaphambi kweSpanishi iMesoamerican eyayikho ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-2000 ngaphambi kukaKrestu kude kube ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-1697, ehlala kummandla osemazantsi-ntshona eMexico nakumantla akuMbindi Merika: yonke iPeninsula yaseYucatan, iGuatemala kunye neBelize, kunye nenxalenye yeHonduras kunye ne-El Salvador.

Ubukho bayo phakathi kweenkcubeko zabemi baseMelika babonakaliswa ngenxa yeenkqubo zayo zenkcubeko kunye nezihambele phambili, ezibandakanya iindlela zokubhala ze-glyphic (ekuphela kwenkqubo yokubhala ephuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, ukongeza, kuyo yonke i-pre-Columbian America), yobugcisa kunye noyilo, lwemathematics (babengabokuqala ukusebenzisa zero ngokupheleleyo) nokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi.

Izixeko ezikhulu zedolophu yaseMeyi zibonise ubuchule bokwakha nangona bekhule ngaphandle koyilo lwangaphambili, ujikeleze iziko lemisitho elisebenza njenge-axis yabo. Babenxibelelene omnye nomnye ngothungelwano lokurhweba, oluye lwathi kwiinkulungwane ezidlulileyo lwakhokelela kwimbumba yezopolitiko eyayingumbambano neyakhokelela kwiimfazwe ezininzi.

Ubukhosi belifa kunye noosolusapho babesenzeka kwinkcubeko yabo, kunye nokubingelela ngabantu, ukungcolisa izidumbu, kunye nemidlalo yebhola yomkhosi. Babenenkqubo yabo yekhalenda, esagcinwa nanamhlanje. Kwaye nangona babethanda ukurekhoda imbali yabo kunye nokubhala phantsi amasiko abo, uninzi lwenkcubeko yabo ilahlekile ngokungenakuphikiswa ngenxa yenkohlakalo yoloyiso lweSpain.

Nangona kunjalo, imizila yeelwimi zaseMaya kunye neendlela zazo zobugcisa zihlala kwiindawo ezininzi zaseGatemala naseChiapas, eMexico.

Imbali yempucuko kaMaya

Imbali yamaMaya ifundwa ngokusekwe kumaxesha amane aphambili, angala:

• Ixesha le-Preclassic (2000 BC-250 AD). Eli xesha lokuqala lenzeka ukusuka esiphelweni sexesha lakudala, apho ama Mayan amisela kwaye aphuhlisa ezolimo, oko ke kunika inkcubeko efanelekileyo. Eli xesha ngokwalo lahlulwe ngokwamacandelwana: i-Preclassic yasekuqaleni (2000-1000 BC), i-Middle Preclassic (1000-350 BC) kunye neLate Preclassic (350 BC-250 AD), nangona ukuchaneka kwala maxesha kuthandabuzwa. iingcali ezininzi.
• Ixesha eliqhelekileyo (250 AD-950 AD). Ithuba lokudubula kwenkcubeko yamaMaya, apho izixeko ezikhulu zaseMeyi zaphumelela kwaye inkcubeko eyomeleleyo yobugcisa kunye neyengqondo yaboniswa. Kwakukho ukwahlulahlula ezopolitiko malunga nezixeko zaseTikal naseCalakmul, eyakhokelela ekuweni kwezopolitiko nasekushiyeni izixeko, kunye nasekuphelisweni kwamakhosi amaninzi kunye nokuququzelela umntla. Eli xesha lahlulwe ngokwamacandelwana: I-Classic yasekuqaleni (250-550 AD), iLate Classic (550-830 AD) kunye neTheminali Classic (830-950 AD).
• Ixesha lePostclassic (950-1539 AD). Ukwahlulahlulwa kwaba yinto yokuqala yasemva kweposi (950-1200 AD) kunye ne-postclassic yasemva kwexesha (1200-1539 AD), eli xesha libonakala ngokuwa kweedolophu ezinkulu zaseMayan kunye nokwehla kwenkolo yabo, kubangela ukuvela amaziko asezidolophini asondele kunxweme kunye nemithombo yamanzi, ekonakaleni kweendawo eziphakamileyo. Ezi zixeko zintsha zaququzelelwa zijikeleze ibhunga eliqhelekileyo okanye elingaphantsi, ngaphandle kwento yokuba ngexesha lokudibana okokuqala neSpanish ngo-1511, yayiliphondo elinenkcubeko efanayo kodwa inkqubo eyahlukileyo yezopolitiko.
• Ixesha lokunxibelelana kunye noloyiso lwaseSpain (1511-1697 AD). Eli xesha lempixano phakathi kwabahlaseli baseYurophu kunye neenkcubeko zaseMeya zandiswa kwiimfazwe ezininzi kunye noloyiso lwezixeko zale mpucuko, buthathaka yimfazwe yangaphakathi kunye nokufuduswa kwabantu ezidolophini. Emva kokuwa kwama-Aztec kunye nobukumkani bamaQuiché, ama Mayan athotyelwa kwaye atshabalaliswa ngaboyisi, eshiya umkhondo omncinci wenkcubeko namasiko abo. Isixeko sokugqibela esizimeleyo seMaya, uNojpetén, wawa kwimikhosi kaMartín de Urzúa ngo-1697.

Amaziko aphambili eMeya

1. ITikal. Elinye lawona maziko amakhulu kunye neyona ndawo iphambili yempucuko yama Mayan, namhlanje esisiyindawo esisiseko yezinto zakudala zabafundi bale nkcubeko kunye nelifa lemveli yoluntu ukusukela ngo-1979. ezona zikumkani zinamandla eMayan, ngokuchasene nobukumkani obabunekomkhulu lalo linguCalakmul. Isesona sixeko saseMeya sifundwa kwaye siqondwa ngcono kwihlabathi.
2. ICopan. Ifumaneka kwintshona yeHonduras kwisebe eligama linye, iikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kumda neGuatemala, eli ziko likaMayan lalikade lilikomkhulu lobukumkani obunamandla bexesha leClassic Mayan. Igama lakhe lika Mayan lalingu-Oxwitik kwaye ukuwa kwakhe kwakwakhekile ekwindla lika-Uaxaclajuun Ub'ahh K'awiil phambi ko Kumkani wase Quiriguá. Inxalenye yendawo yokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala yachithwa nguMlambo iCopán, yiyo loo nto ngo-1980 amanzi aguquka ukuze akhusele isiza, sabhengeza iNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi kwangalo nyaka yi-UNESCO.
3. IPalenque. Ibizwa ngolwimi lwaseMaya ‘iBaak’, yayimi kwindawo ngoku ekungumasipala waseChiapas, eMexico, kufutshane nomlambo i-Usumancita. Yayiyidolophu kaMayan ngokomyinge ophakathi, kodwa iqatshelwe ngobugcisa bayo kunye nelifa lemveli, elihlala likho namhlanje. Kuqikelelwa ukuba yi-2% kuphela yendawo yesixeko samandulo esaziwayo, kwaye eseleyo igqunywe lihlathi. Yabhengezwa njengeNdawo yeLifa leMveli yeHlabathi ngo-1987 kwaye namhlanje iyindawo ebalulekileyo yezinto zakudala.
4. Izamal. Igama lakhe lika Mayan, Itzmal, lithetha "umbethe ovela esibhakabhakeni", kwaye namhlanje sisixeko saseMexico apho iinkcubeko ezintathu zembali zommandla ziyahlangana: i-pre-Columbian, colonial kunye ne Mexico yangoku. Kungenxa yoko le nto yaziwa ngokuba "sisixeko seenkcubeko ezintathu". Ifumaneka malunga ne-60km ukusuka eChichen-itzá, kwindawo eziyingqongileyo kukho iipiramidi ezi-5 zeMaya.
5. Dzibilchaltún. Eli gama likaMaya liguqulela "indawo ekubhalwe kuyo ilitye" kwaye ichaza indawo yamandulo yamaMaya, namhlanje indawo yezinto zakudala, ebekwe kwiPaki kaZwelonke engaziwayo kufutshane nedolophu yaseMexico iMérida. IXlacah cenote imi phaya, eyona ibaluleke kakhulu kulo mmandla kwaye enikezela ooMayan ukuya kuthi ga kuma-40 eemitha ubunzulu bamanzi; kunye neTempile yeeDoli ezisixhenxe, apho kufunyenwe khona imizobo yodongwe yamaMeyi esixhenxe kunye nezixhobo ezininzi zexesha.
6. Sayil. Ifumaneka kwiLizwe laseYucatán, eMexico, eli ziko lakudala labalimi baseMayan lezolimo lasekwa malunga ne-800 AD, ngasekupheleni kwexesha leClassic. Iintsalela zeNdlu ye-Sayil zihlala, kunye nePyramidi yeChaac II kunye nenye indawo eyi-3.5 km yendawo yokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala.
7. Ek Balam. Ikwakhona eYucatán, eMexico, igama layo lithetha "i-jaguar emnyama" ngoMayan kwaye ukusukela oko yaqalwa kwi-300 BC. Iya kuba likomkhulu elityebileyo ngaphakathi kwengingqi enabantu abaninzi, enegama likaMayan elinguTalol, kodwa yayisekwe ngokwezibhalo zika-Éek'Báalam okanye nguCoch CalBalam. Iqukethe izakhiwo ezingama-45 ukusuka ngeli xesha, kubandakanywa i-acropolis, isakhiwo setyhula, inkundla yebhola, iipiramidi ezimbini ezingamawele kunye ne-arch esangweni.
8. IKabah. Ukusuka kuMayan "isandla esinzima", iKabah yayiliziko elibalulekileyo leziko elinamagama akhankanyiweyo kwimibhalo kaMayan. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi Kabahuacan okanye "Inyoka yasebukhosini esandleni." Ngommandla we-1.2 km²Indawo yendawo yokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala eYucatan, eMexico, yashiywa ngamaMeya (okanye ubuncinci akukho ndawo yenziwe kuyo) kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba iSpanish yoyise. Indlela yabahambi ngeenyawo eyi-18 km ubude kunye ne-5 m ububanzi idibanisa indawo kunye nesixeko saseUxmal.
9. Ubushushu. Isixeko saseMeya sexesha lesiqhelo kwaye namhlanje yenye yezona ndawo zintathu zibaluleke kakhulu kule nkcubeko, kunye neTikal kunye neChichen-itzá. Efumaneka eYucatán, eMexico, inezakhiwo zesakhiwo sePuuc, kunye nobugcisa obuninzi beMaya kunye nobugcisa bezenkolo, ezinje ngemaski yothixo uChaac (wemvula) kunye nobungqina benkcubeko yamaNahua, njengemifanekiso yeQuetzalcoátl. Ukongeza, kukho iPyramidi yeMilingo, enamanqanaba amahlanu, kunye neNdlu yeRhuluneli enobuso obungaphezulu kwe-1200m².
10. IChichen-Itza. Igama layo ngesiMaya liguqulela "umlomo wequla" kwaye yenye yeendawo eziphambili zezinto zakudala zenkcubeko yamaMeya, ebekwe eYucatan, eMexico. Kukho imizekelo yoyilo oluncomekayo ngeetempile ezinkulu, ezinje ngeKukulcán, imbonakalo yamaMeya kaQuetzalcoátl, uthixo waseToltec. Oku kubonisa ukuba yayihlala abantu abahlukeneyo kuyo yonke iminyaka, nangona izakhiwo zayo zivela kwixesha laseMaya yakudala. Ngo-1988 yabhengezwa njengelifa lenkcubeko yoluntu kwaye ngo-2007 itempile yaseKukulcán yangena kwiimimangaliso ezisixhenxe zeli hlabathi lanamhlanje.