Uluhlu lweeNzululwazi eziNcedisayo zeMbali - I-Encyclopedia

Iinzululwazi ezincedisayo zembali - I-Encyclopedia

Umxholo

Uluhlu lwee-Cs. Izibonelelo zeMbali

Inkqubo ye-iinzululwazi ezincedisayo okanye uqeqesho oluncedisayo zezo zithi, ngaphandle kokujongana ngokupheleleyo nendawo ethile yokufunda, zinxulunyaniswe nayo kwaye zibonelele ngoncedo, kuba izicelo zazo ezinokuba negalelo kuphuhliso lommandla wesifundo.

Inkqubo ye- uninzi lweesayensi ezincedisayo kwiMbali zinento yokwenza neenkalo ezithile apho zinokuba nomdla khona, ezinje ngeNcwadi, indawo ezimeleyo kunye nokuzimela kolwazi, ukuhlangana kwayo neMbali kubangela ukuzalwa kweMbali yoNcwadi: ixesha lokufika kunye nesebe elithile.

Olu hlobo lwentlanganiso lujongana nezihloko zomdla kunye nemixholo ebhekiswe kwiMbali, kwaye inokwamkelwa kuba vula amacandelo amatsha ophononongo lwembali, apho baba yinto yokufunda.

Elinye ityala elinokwenzeka liya kuqeqesho lobukho obungenakwahlulwa kwiMbali ngolo hlobo, kwaye kunjalo baya kwiindlela, kwiindlela zokuqonda amaxwebhu okanye zokusondela kwiziganeko zembali okanye indlela yokurekhoda nokugcina. Injalo imeko yeChronology, umzekelo, injongo yazo kukulungisa imeko yexeshana yeziganeko zembali kumda wexesha.

Le yokugqibela inokubhekiswa kuyo njengesiqhelo inzululwazi yezembali.

Uluhlu lwee-Cs. Izibonelelo zeMbali

Ubalo maxesha. Njengoko besesitshilo, lulwahlulo lweMbali, olujolise ikakhulu kulungelelwaniso lweziganeko zexeshana. Igama layo livela kumanyano lwamagama esiGrike Chronos (ixesha) kunye Iimpawu (ukubhala, ukwazi).
Umzobo. Inzululwazi yokuncedisa kwimbali kunye nokuzimela ngokwemvelo, ijolise kwimibhalo yakudala eyenziwe ngamatye okanye ezinye izinto ezixhasayo zomzimba, ifunda ulondolozo lwayo, ukufunda kunye nokucaciswa. Kule nto, inxulunyaniswa nezinye isayensi ezinje ngephalaeografi, iarcheology okanye i-numismatics.
Amanani. Mhlawumbi eyona indala kwezenzululwazi ezincedisayo embalini (ezelwe ngenkulungwane ye-19), inomdla kuphela kufundo kunye nokuqokelelwa kweemali kunye neebhanki ezikhutshwe ngokusemthethweni lilo naliphi na ilizwe emhlabeni ngexesha elithile. Olu phononongo lunokuba lwethiyori kunye nolwengqikelelo (lwemfundiso) okanye lwembali (echazayo).
Inkcubeko. Inzululwazi encedisayo ejongene novavanyo olunzulu kunye nolucwangcisiweyo lwemibhalo yakudala: ukugcinwa, ukuqondwa, ukutolikwa kunye nokutshatwa kwezicatshulwa ezibhaliweyo kuyo nayiphi na indlela kunye nakwinkcubeko yezinyanya. Ihlala ifumaneka ngokusebenzisana ngokusondeleyo neeSayensi zoLwazi, ezinjengeNzululwazi yeThala leencwadi.
Ingxelo. Uqeqesho oluncedisayo lwembali oluchaza ngendlela echanekileyo kwaye luhlalutye amanani aqhelekileyo kunye nokubonakaliswa kweebhatyi zeengalo, rhoqo rhoqo kwiintsapho zomnombo ngaphambili.
Codicology. Uqeqesho olujolise kufundo lwayo kwiincwadi zamandulo, kodwa luqondwe njengezinto: hayi kakhulu umxholo wabo njengendlela yokwenza ngayo, ukuvela kwabo kwimbali, njl. mandulo.
Uonozakuzaku. Le nzululwazi yezembali ijolisa ingqalelo yayo kumaxwebhu, nokuba yeyiphi na umbhali wayo, ethathela ingqalelo izinto ezingaphakathi zokubhala: inkxaso, ulwimi, indlela esesikweni kunye nezinye izinto ezivumela izigqibo ukuba zenziwe malunga nobunyani bazo kwaye zivumele ukutolikwa kwazo ngokuchanekileyo.
Sigillography. Inzululwazi yezembali inikezelwe kwizitampu ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa iileta kunye namaxwebhu ezinto ezisemthethweni: ulwimi lwabo oluthile, iimeko zabo zokudalwa kunye nokuvela kwabo kwembali.
Imbali. Rhoqo kuthathelwa ingqalelo i-meta-history, Oko kukuthi, iMbali yeMbali, kukuziphatha okuphanda indlela eyabhalwa ngayo imbali (ebhaliweyo) yezizwe kunye nendlela egcinwe ngayo kumaxwebhu okanye kwimibhalo yohlobo oluthile .
Ubugcisa. Isifundo sobugcisa luluqeqesho oluzimeleyo ngokupheleleyo, olujolise umdla walo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonisa ubugcisa kuluntu kwaye luzama ukuphendula umbuzo ongapheliyo wokuba uyintoni na. Nangona kunjalo, xa zidityaniswe nembali zivelisa iMbali yoBugcisa, ecinga kuphela ubugcisa ekuhambeni kwexesha: iifom zokuqala ezazinazo, ukuvela kwayo kunye nendlela yayo yokubonisa ukuhamba kwexesha, njl.
Uncwadi. Njengoko sele sibonile ngaphambili, uncwadi kunye nembali zinokusebenzisana ukukhulisa iMbali yoNcwadi, uhlobo lweMbali yobuGcisa egxile kakhulu kwinto efundwayo, kuba ijolise kuguquko loncwadi olususela kwimbali yalo yokuqala usuku.
Kunene. Njengakwimeko ezimbini ezidlulileyo, intsebenziswano phakathi kwezeMbali kunye noMthetho ivelisa isebe lesifundo esingokwembali esichaza into eyifundwayo ngeendlela apho ubuntu buye bayazi indlela yokuwisa umthetho nokulawula ubulungisa, ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo (ngakumbi amaRoma amaxesha, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ubulungisa) kubomi beli xesha langoku.
Izinto zakudala. Ngokusemthethweni i-Archaeology luphononongo lwentsalela yamandulo yabantu abangasekhoyo, bexhasa ukwakhiwa kwakhona kobomi babantu bezinyanya. Oku kwenza ukuba into yakho enomdla ibanzi, njengoko inokuba ziincwadi, iifom zobugcisa, amabhodlo, izixhobo, njl.njl. Ngale ndlela, sisayensi ezizimeleyo enobukho bayo obungenakubakho ngaphandle kweMbali kwaye, kwangaxeshanye, ibonelela ngobungqina obubalulekileyo ngokubhekisele kwimixholo yayo yethiyori.
Iilwimi. Le nzululwazi, inomdla kwiilwimi zomntu, oko kukuthi, kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zemiqondiso ekhoyo kunxibelelwano lwayo, ihlala ijoyina imbali ukwenza uLwimi lwezeMbali okanye uLwimi lweDiachronic: ukufundwa kwenguqu ngexesha leendlela Ukunxibelelana ngomlomo kunye neelwimi ezahlukeneyo ezaqanjwa ngumntu.
Stratigraphy. Olu qeqesho lisebe le-geology, into enomdla eyenziwe ngamalungiselelo e-igneous, metamorphic kunye ne-sedimentary rock kumhlaba womhlaba, obonakalayo kwimeko yokusika kweetectonic. Ngokusebenzisana neMbali, uzala i-stratigraphy ye-archaeological, esebenzisa olu lwazi malunga namatye kunye ne-strata ukuseka imbali yokwakheka komphezulu womhlaba.
Imephu. Isebe lejografi, elinomdla kwiindlela zokumelwa komhlaba weplanethi, oko kukuthi, ukwandiswa kwemephu kunye neeatlasi okanye iiplanethi, zinokusebenzisana nembali ukwenza iMbali yeCartografi: ingqeqesho edibeneyo efuna ukuqonda imbali yexesha elizayo umntu ngendlela amele ngayo umhlaba kwiimephu zakhe.
Imvelaphi. I-Ethnografi, xa sithetha ngokubanzi, luphononongo kunye nenkcazo yabantu kunye neenkcubeko zabo, yiyo loo nto uninzi luthatha njengesebe lezentlalo okanye inkcubeko ye-anthropology. Inyani yile yokuba inikezela ngolwazi oluninzi kwiMbali, kuba esinye sezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu zii-ethnographer yiMbali yoBomi, apho abantu badliwanondlebe kunye nohambo lwabo lobomi lusetyenziswa njengendlela yokusondela kwinkcubeko eyeyayo.
Paleontology. I-Paleontology yisayensi efunda iifosili zezinto eziphilayo ezazihlala kwihlabathi lethu kumaxesha adlulileyo, kumzamo wokuqonda indlela ababephila ngayo kwaye bayiqonde ngcono intsingiselo yobomi emhlabeni. Kule nto basondele kakhulu kwimbali, kuba bathetha ngamaxesha angaphambi kokuvela komntu, benika ababhali-mbali ithuba lokucinga ngembali ngaphambi kweMbali.
Uqoqosho. Kanye njengokuba le nzululwazi yezentlalo ifunda ngeendlela umntu aguqula ngayo indalo ukuze izuze yena, oko kukuthi, iindlela zokuvelisa iimpahla kunye neenkonzo kunye nokwanelisa iimfuno zabantu ngazo, unxibelelwano lwayo nembali luvula lonke isebe lokufunda: Imbali ye Uqoqosho, olubonisa utshintsho olwenziwe luluntu kwimicimbi yezoqoqosho ukusukela oko sasekwa.
Ifilosofi. Inzululwazi yazo zonke iinzululwazi, ifilosofi, kulindeleke ukuba ibe yisayensi ehleli ingcinga ngokwayo. Ngokudibana nembali, banokubangela iMbali yokucinga, isifundo sotshintsho kwindlela yokucinga ngawe kunye nendalo iphela yomntu ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje.