Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- indlela yesayensi yindlela yophando ephawula isayensi yendalo ukusukela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe. Yinkqubo engqingqwa evumela ukuchaza iimeko, ukuyila kunye nokuvavanya ii-hypotheses.
Ukuthi uyisazinzulu kuthetha ukuba injongo yakhe kukuvelisa ulwazi.
Ibonakala ngo:
- Ukuqwalaselwa kwenkquboYimbono enomdla kwaye ke iyakhetha. Yirekhodi yento eyenzekayo kwilizwe lokwenyani.
- Umbuzo okanye ukwenziwa kwengxaki: Ngokujonga, kuvela ingxaki okanye umbuzo ofuna ukusonjululwa. Kwelinye icala, i-hypothesis yenziwa, enokuba yimpendulo enokubakho kumbuzo obuziweyo. Ukuqiqa ngokutsala kusetyenziselwa ukwenza ii-hypotheses.
- UvavanyoInokufundwa kwesenzeko ngokuzala kwayo, ihlala iphantsi kweemeko zelebhu, iphindaphinda kwaye iphantsi kolawulo lweemeko. Uvavanyo luyilelwe ngendlela enokuthi iqinisekise okanye iphikise i-hypothesis ecetywayo.
- Ukukhutshwa kwezigqiboUluntu lwenzululwazi luxanduva lokuvavanya iziphumo ezifunyenwe ngokujongwa kwakhona koontanga, okt ezinye izazinzulu ezikhethekileyo ziyavavanya inkqubo kunye neziphumo zayo.
Indlela yesayensi inokukhokelela kwi uphuhliso lwethiyori. Ithiyori ziingxelo eziqinisekisiweyo, ubuncinci. Ukuba ithiyori iqinisekisiwe njengenyaniso ngalo lonke ixesha nendawo, iba ngumthetho. Inkqubo ye- imithetho yendalo zisisigxina kwaye azinakuguquka.
Zimbini iintsika zendlela yesayensi:
- Ukuzaliswa kwakhona: Sisakhono sokuphinda uvavanyo. Ke ngoko, Ushicilelo lwezeNzululwazi Babandakanya yonke idatha kuvavanyo olwenziwe. Ukuba ababoneleli ngedatha yokuvumela ukuba kwenziwe ulingo olufanayo, aluthathelwa ingqalelo kuvavanyo lwenzululwazi.
- Ukuchaneka kwakhonaNayiphi na inkolelo okanye ingxelo yenzululwazi inokuphikiswa. Oko kukuthi, kuya kufuneka ubuncinci ube nakho ukucinga ingxelo enokuvavanywa ngokwamandla ephikisana nebango lokuqala. Umzekelo, ukuba ndithe, "zonke iikati ezibomvu zintokazi", Akunakwenzeka ukuba ubuxoki, kuba iikati ezibomvu azibonakali. Lo mzekelo unokubonakala ngathi uyintlekisa kodwa amabango afanayo abanjwa esidlangalaleni malunga nezinto ezingabonwayo, njengabaphambukeli.
Imizekelo yendlela yesayensi
- Ukosuleleka kwi-anthrax
URobert Koch wayengugqirha waseJamani owayehlala kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-19 nasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.
Xa sithetha ngesazinzulu, ukubonwa kwakhe ayisiyiyo kuphela indalo emngqongileyo kodwa ikwafunyanwa zezinye izazinzulu. Ke, uKoch uqala kuqala kumboniso kaCasimir Davaine wokuba i-anthrax bacillus yadluliselwa ngqo phakathi kweenkomo.
Enye into ayibonileyo kukuqhambuka okungachazwanga kwe-anthrax kwiindawo apho kwakungekho mntu une-anthrax.
Umbuzo okanye ingxaki: Kutheni le nto kukho i-anthrax esasazekayo xa kungekho mntu unokuqalisa isifo?
I-Hypothesis: I-bacillus okanye inxenye yayo iyasinda ngaphandle komamkeli (umntu osulelekileyo osisifo).
Uvavanyo: Oososayensi bahlala bezenzela iindlela zabo zovavanyo, ngakumbi xa besondela kwindawo yolwazi engekahlolwa. U-Koch wavelisa iindlela zakhe zokucoca i-bacillus kwiisampuli zegazi kunye nokuzihlaziya.
Iziphumo zokufumana: I-Bacilli ayinakuphila ngaphandle komninimzi (i-hypothesis ayinakuphikiswa). Nangona kunjalo, i-bacilli yenza ii-endospores eziphila ngaphandle komninimzi kwaye zinakho ukubangela izifo.
Uphando lukaKoch lube neziphumo ezininzi kuluntu lwenzululwazi. Kwelinye icala, ukufunyanwa kokuphila kwamagciwane (abangela izifo) ngaphandle kwezinto eziphilayo kwaqala inkqubo yokuvalwa kwenzalo kwezixhobo zotyando kunye nezinye izinto zesibhedlele.
Kodwa ukongeza kwiindlela zakhe ezazisetyenziswa kuphando lwe-anthrax kamva zagqitywa ukuze kufundwe isifo sephepha kunye nekholera. Ngenxa yoku, wavelisa ubuchule bokucoca kunye nokucoca, kunye nemithombo yeendaba yokukhula kwebacteria enje ngeepleyiti ze-agar kunye nezitya zePetri. Zonke ezi ndlela zisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje.
Izigqibo. Ngomsebenzi wakhe osekwe kwindlela yesayensi, wafikelela kwezi zigqibo zilandelayo, ezisasebenza nanamhlanje kwaye zilawula lonke uphando lwebacteria:
- Ekuguleni, intsholongwane ikhona.
- Intsholongwane inokuthathwa kumphathi kwaye ikhule ngokuzimeleyo (inkcubeko).
- Esi sifo sinokuveliswa ngokwazisa inkcubeko ecocekileyo yentsholongwane kwindawo yokulinga esempilweni.
- Le microbe inye inokuchongwa kumamkeli osulelekileyo.
- Ugonyo lwengqakaqha
U-Edward Jenner wayengusosayensi owayehlala eNgilane phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-17 neye-19.
Ngelo xesha ingqakaqha yayisisifo esiyingozi ebantwini, ibulala ama-30% abo bosulelekileyo kwaye ishiya amanxeba kwabo basindileyo, okanye ibenze bangaboni.
Nangona kunjalo, ingqakaqha kwi iphumelele yayithambile kwaye inokusasazeka ukusuka enkomeni iye ebantwini zizilonda ezibekwe emibeleni yenkomo. UJenner wafumanisa ukuba uninzi lwabasebenzi bezobisi bathi ukuba babebambe ingqakaqha ezinkomeni (ezaziphilisa ngokukhawuleza) ngekhe bagule kwincinanana.
Ukujonga: Inkolelo yokungakhuseleki ekufumaneni ukusasazeka kwengqakaqha yeenkomo. Ukusuka koku kuqatshelweyo, uJenner waya kwinqanaba elilandelayo lendlela yesayensi, ebambe ingcinga yokuba le nkolelo iyinyani kwaye ephuhlisa amalinge ayimfuneko ukubonisa okanye ukuphikisa.
I-Hypothesis: Ukosuleleka kwengqatha yeenkomo kunika ukhuseleko kwingqakaqha yabantu.
Uvavanyo: Uvavanyo lukaJenner alunokwamkelwa namhlanje, njengoko lwenziwa ebantwini. Nangona ngelo xesha yayingekho enye indlela yokuvavanya i-hypothesis, ukuzama umntwana namhlanje ngekhe kungamkeleki kwaphela. UJenner uthathe izinto ezivela kwisifo seenkomo ezandleni zencindi yobisi enesifo kwaye wasifaka kwingalo yenkwenkwe, unyana wegadi yakhe. Inkwenkwe yayigula kangangeentsuku ezininzi kodwa emva koko yaphila kwakhona. Kamva uJenner wathabatha izinto kwibhokhwe yengqakaqha yomntu wayifaka kwingalo yomntwana omnye. Nangona kunjalo, le nkwenkwe ayizange ifumane isifo. Emva kolu vavanyo lokuqala, uJenner waphinda walinga abanye abantu emva koko wapapasha iziphumo zakhe.
Iziphelo: i-hypothesis eqinisekisiweyo. Ke ngoko (indlela yokutsala) ukosulela umntu nge-cowpox ikhusela kusulelo lwe-smallpox. Emva kwexesha, indawo yezenzululwazi yakwazi ukuphinda uvavanyo lukaJenner kwaye yafumana iziphumo ezifanayo.
Ngale ndlela "izitofu" zokuqala zaqanjwa: ukusebenzisa uhlobo olubuthathaka lwentsholongwane ukugonyela umntu kwintsholongwane eyomeleleyo neyingozi. Okwangoku umgaqo ofanayo usetyenziswa kwizifo ezahlukeneyo. Igama "isitofu sokugonya" livela kule ndlela yokugonya yokuqala intsholongwane yeenkomo.
- Unokusebenzisa indlela yesayensi
Indlela yesayensi yindlela yokuvavanya ii-hypotheses. Ukuze isetyenziswe, kufuneka ikwazi ukwenza uvavanyo.
Umzekelo, masithi uhlala ulele kakhulu kwiklasi yakho yezibalo.
Ukujonga kwakho yile: Ndiphupha kwiklasi yezibalo.
Enye yeengcinga ezinokubakho yile: Ulele kwiklasi yezibalo kuba khange ulale ngokwaneleyo ngobusuku obungaphambili.
Ukwenza uvavanyo olungqina okanye oluphikisa i-hypothesis, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ungatshintshi nantoni na kwindlela oziphethe ngayo, ngaphandle kweeyure zokulala: kufuneka ube nesidlo sakusasa esifanayo, uhlale kwindawo enye eklasini, thetha abantu abafanayo.
Uvavanyo: Ngobusuku obungaphambi kweklasi yezibalo uza kulala iyure ngaphambi kwesiqhelo.
Ukuba uyeka ukulala ngexesha leklasi yezibalo emva kokwenza uvavanyo rhoqo (ungalibali ukubaluleka kokwenza uvavanyo amaxesha amaninzi) i-hypothesis iya kuqinisekiswa.
Ukuba uqhubeka ulele, kuya kufuneka ukhule iingcinga ezintsha.
Njengokuba:
- I-Hypothesis 1. Iyure enye yokulala ibingonelanga. Phinda uvavanyo olwandisa iiyure ezimbini zokulala.
- I-Hypothesis 2. Enye into iyangenelela kwiimvakalelo zokulala (ubushushu, ukutya okutyiwa emini). Uvavanyo olutsha luya kuyilwa ukuvavanya izehlo zezinye izinto.
- Hypothesis 3. Yimathematika ekwenza wozele kwaye ke akukho ndlela yakukuyiphepha.
Njengoko kunokubonwa kulo mzekelo ulula, indlela yesayensi iyafuna xa usenza izigqibo, ngakumbi xa ingcinga yethu yokuqala ingangqinwanga.
