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Ividiyo: THE SIMPSONS TAPPED OUT BUT WE ARE IN

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Imizekelo yezinto ezonakalisayo
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Inkqubo ye- izinto ezonakalisayo Zizo ezo zinakho ukutshabalalisa okanye ukonakalisa ngokungenakuphinda zonakalise ezo ndawo zidibene nazo.

Izinto ezinobungozi ziyingozi izidalwa eziphilayo, kunokubangela ukucaphuka okanye ukutshisa kwizicubu zolusu, amehlo, indlela yokuphefumla okanye ithumbu elinokukhokelela ekufeni. Ezi ntlobo zezehlo zaziwa njengokutsha kwemichiza.

Ezi ntlobo zemathiriyeli kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokugquma: iigloves, iimpahla, iimaski zobuso. Kwiindawo apho ifakwe okanye igcinwe khona, ngokwemigaqo yamazwe aphesheya, chaza nge umhlwa icon.

Ngokubanzi, izinto ezonakalisayo une-pH egqithileyoOko kukuthi, ngokugqithiseleyo acidic okanye esisiseko, nangona zinokuba zizinto ezine-oxidizing kakhulu okanye zolunye uhlobo. Ukudibana nezinto eziphilayo catalyze i-lipid hydrolysis okanye i-denaturation protein, ikwakhokelela kwimveliso yeekhalori ezinempembelelo edibeneyo ekhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni okungenakulungiseka kwenyama. Iziseko, kwelinye icala, zomisa izinto eziphilayo ngendlela egqithileyo.

Imizekelo yezinto ezonakalisayo

Ihydrochloric acid. Ngefomula HCl, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi i-muriatic acid okanye ukudibanisaKuqhelekile ukuyikhupha kwityuwa yolwandle, okanye ukuyivelisa ngemveliso xa kutshiswa iiplastiki ezithile. Iyabola kakhulu kwaye ine-pH engaphantsi kwe-1, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa njengesinyibilikisi, njengenyibilikisi yoshishino okanye njengesixhobo ekuvuseleleni ezinye izinto zemichiza.
I-nitric acid. Kwifomula HNO₃Lulwelo olubonakalayo oluqhelekileyo olusetyenziswa njenge reagent elebhu, njengoko iyinxalenye yezinto ezenza iTrinitrotoluene (TNT) okanye izichumisi ezahlukeneyo ezinjenge ammonium nitrate. Inokufunyanwa ichithwe kwimvula eneasidi, eyaziwayo imeko yendalo esingqongileyo Iziphumo zongcoliseko lwamanzi.
Isulfuric acid. Ifomula yayo nguH₂SW₄ kwaye yenye yezona mveliso zintle ehlabathini, kuba ihlala isetyenziselwa ukufumana izichumisi, okanye ukudibanisa iiasidi, iisulphate okanye kwishishini lepetrochemical. Iluncedo nakwi ishishini Zentsimbi kunye nasekwenzeni zonke iintlobo ze iibhetri.
Ifomic acid. Yaziwa njenge-methanoic acid kunye nefomula CH₂OKANYE₂, yeyona asidi ilula ye-organic, ihlala ifihlwa zizinambuzane ezinjengeembovane ezibomvu (IFomica rufa) okanye iinyosi njengendlela yokuzikhusela enetyhefu. Ikwaveliswa ngamarhawu, okanye kwimvula eneasidi ngenxa yongcoliseko lomoya ojikeleze umhlaba. Ngexabiso elincinci kunokubangela ukucaphuka okuncinci, kodwa ngaphandle kwemvelaphi yendalo yi-asidi eyomeleleyo.
I-acetic acid egxile. Igama le-methylcarboxyl acid okanye i-ethanoic acid kunye nefomula yeekhemikhali C₂H₄OKANYE₂, yiasidi yeviniga, eyinika incasa kunye nevumba layo. Ikwayi-organic acid, njenge-formic acid, kodwa ibuthathaka kakhulu ukuze ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwahluka kwaye kungabinabungozi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiindawo eziphezulu kakhulu kunokuba yingozi kwimpilo.
Zinc chloride. Izinc chloride (ZnCl₂) yi yomelele ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi okumhlophe kunye necrystalline, enyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumzi mveliso wempahla eyolukiweyo kwaye njengesixhobo esisebenzayo kwilabhoratri. Ayisiyongo ityhefu, kodwa kubukho bamanzi iphendula kakhulu (nokuba ikumoya omdaka) kwaye inokubangela ukubola ngokukodwa kwi-cellulose nakwisilika.
IAluminiyam chloride. Ifomula yeAlCl₃Imalunga ne ikhompawundi eneempawu ezinomhlwa kunye nezisisiseko ngexesha elinye, kuxhomekeke kwindlela exutywe ngayo. Ulihlwempu umbhexeshi wombane kwaye inendawo yokunyibilika esezantsi kunye neqondo lokubila, yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamachiza njengesixhobo sokuphendula, kulondolozo lweenkuni okanye ekuqhekekeni kweoyile. Ukubonakaliswa kwesi sixhobo kuyingozi enkulu emzimbeni, kwaye kunokushiya i-sequelae esisigxina ngexesha elifutshane lokuvezwa kunye nonyango olukhawulezileyo.
IBoron trifluoride. Ifomula yayo yi-BF₃ kwaye yirhasi engenambala netyhefu eyenza amafu amhlophe emoyeni ofumileyo. Ihlala isetyenziswa elebhu njenge lewis acid kunye nasekufumaneni ezinye iikhompawundi nge-boron. Sisinyithi esomeleleyo kakhulu, esinokutya intsimbi engenasici phambi kokufuma.
Isodiyam hayidroksayidi. Isoda ene-Caustic okanye i-caustic soda, ene-formula ye-NaOH, sisiseko se-desiccant esikhona njenge-crystalline emhlophe kunye ne-solid solid, eyonyibilikiswa emanzini okanye asidi ivelisa ubushushu obukhulu. Isetyenziswe kwiipesenti ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi kwiphepha, kwishishini elukiweyo nakwisicocisi, nakwishishini leoyile.
Potassium hayidroksayidi. Yaziwa ngokuba yipotash ebabayo kunye nefomula yeekhemikhali i-KOH, sisixhobo esingaqhelekanga se-desiccant. Ukunyibilika kwayo emanzini kuyothusa, oko kukuthi, kuvelisa amandla obushushu.
Isodium hydride. Ngefomula NaH, yinto enganyibilikiyo kakhulu ngombala ocacileyo, ohlelwe njenge isiseko Yomelele njengoko inako ukuhambisa iiprosesa ezahlukeneyo zelebhu. Ukongeza kuloo nto, ine-desiccant enamandla, kuba igcina isixa esikhulu se-hydrogen, iyenza ibenye kwaye isetyenziswe njengesinyibilikisi.
I-Dimethyl sulfate. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, eli khompawundi yefomula yamachiza uC₂H₆OKANYE₄S lulwelo olungenambala, olunamafutha, olunephunga elincinci le-anyanisi, elidweliswe njenge-alkylator eyomeleleyo. Inetyhefu kakhulu: i-carcinogenic, i-mutagenic, i-corrosive kwaye inetyhefu, ke ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinkqubo zelabhoratri ye-methylation kuhlala kuthatyathwa ezinye izinto ezikhuselekileyo. Kuyingozi kokusingqongileyo kwaye kuguquguqukayo, yiyo loo nto ihlala ithathwa njengesixhobo esinokubakho semichiza.
Phenol (carbolic acid). Ifomula yemichiza C₆H₆Okanye kunye namagama amaninzi, eli qela kwifom yalo emsulwa lilayini emhlophe okanye engenambala engenakristalline, enokuthi yenziwe igcwala Yebenzene. Ifunwa kakhulu kwishishini le-resin, kunye nasekwenzeni i-nylon, kodwa njengenxalenye ye-fungicides, i-antiseptics kunye ne-disinfectants. Iyakhawuleza ukutsha kwaye idle.
Acetyl chloride. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-ethanoyl chloride, yi-halide ethathwe kwi-asidi ye-ethanoic, ekwiqondo lobushushu kwigumbi kunye noxinzelelo olungenambala. Yikhompawundi engekhoyo kwindalo, kuba ebusweni bamanzi iyabola ibe yi-ethanoic acid kunye nehydrochloric acid. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengombala, isibulali-ntsholongwane, isibulali zinambuzane kwaye njengeyeza lokubulala iintlungu, nangona ibonakalisile kukusabela.
Isodium hypochlorite. Yaziwa njenge iblitshi Xa inyibilikiswa emanzini, eli khompawundi kunye nefomula yeekhemikhali i-NaClO sisixhobo esomeleleyo kwaye sisebenza kakhulu nge-chlorine, yiyo loo nto isenza iigesi ezinobungozi. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengebhlitshi, isicoci samanzi kunye nesibulala zintsholongwane, kuba kugxininiso oluthile luyakwazi ukunyibilikisa imo yendalo kunxibelelwano.
I-Benzyl Chloroformate. Lulwelo olunamafutha olunephunga elingathandekiyo elinokusuka kumbala ongacacanga luye kumbala omthubi kwaye lunendlela yemichiza uC₈H₇ClO₂. Inobungozi kwindalo esingqongileyo nakwizilwanyana zasemanzini, iba yiphosphogen xa ishushu kwaye iyavutha. I-carcinogenic kwaye iyonakalisa kakhulu.
Isinyithi sealkali esisiseko. Nasiphi na isinyithi sealkali kumbonakalo waso ococekileyo okanye osisiseko, njenge-lithium (Li), i-potassium (K), i-rubidium (Rb), i-cesium (i-Cs) okanye i-Francium (Fr), iphendula ngokukhawuleza nge-oxygen namanzi, ngenxa yoko ibonwa kwindalo ekwimo yabo yesiqhelo. Kuzo zombini iimeko baphendula ngogonyamelo, bavelisa ubushushu obuninzi, yiyo loo nto banokucaphukisa okanye babangele kwaye babe yingozi empilweni.
I-phosphorus pentoxide. Yaziwa njenge i-phosphorus oxide (V) okanye phosphoric oxide, ngumgubo omhlophe wefomula yeP₂OKANYE₅. Ukuba kakhulu Ucoceko (desiccant), ineempawu ezonakalisayo kunye nokudibana kwayo naluphi na uhlobo nomzimba kufuneka kuthintelwe. Ngapha koko, ukunyibilika kwayo emanzini kuvelisa iasidi eyomeleleyo ephendula phambi kwesinyithi, ivelise iigesi eziyityhefu nezinokutsha.
I-calcium oxide. Tsalela umnxeba ngokukhawuleza kunye nefomula yemichiza iCaO, yinto ekudala isetyenziswa luluntu, efunyenwe kwilitye lekalika. Inezicelo kulwakhiwo nakwezolimo, kuba ayinetyhefu okanye yonakalisa, kodwa xa ixutywe namanzi iyashukuma, ngoko ke inokucaphukisa indlela yokuphefumla, ulusu okanye yenze umonakalo omkhulu wamehlo.
I-ammonia egxininisiweyo. Ngokwesiqhelo i-ammonia, igesi engenambala kunye nevumba elonyanyekayo elenziwe nge-nitrogen (NH₃), iveliswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo ezizishenxisayo kwindalo ngenxa yetyhefu yayo. Ngapha koko, ikho kumchamo womntu. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lweendawo ekugxininiswa kuzo lukhupha iigesi ezonakalisayo eziyingozi kakhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo, ngakumbi kwizinto ezinjenge-ammonia anhydride.