Izincoko ezimfutshane

Umxholo

• Icandelo lesincoko esifutshane
•  Iindidi zezilingo
• Imizekelo yezincoko ezimfutshane

Inkqubo ye- izincoko ezimfutshane Zibhaliwe apho umxholo, umbono okanye umba uhlalutyiweyo kwaye uxoxwa ngendlela emfutshane. Kuzo, umbhali wenza ukuba acacise umbono wakhe kunye noluvo lomntu malunga nalo mbandela. Phambi kokulungiselela isincoko, umbhali waso wenza uphando ukuze afumane izinto eziyimfuneko xa kufikwa kumba wokuphikisana ngezikhundla zabo. Umzekelo: ithisisi, i-monograph okanye ingxelo.

Izincoko zinokujongana nezihloko ezininzi ezahlukileyo, ezizezoluphi na uqeqesho. Umbhali wayo kufuneka asoloko enolwazi oluthile lomxholo ukuze akwazi ukuhlalutya nokwenza izigqibo ngawo. Ukongeza, ngokulungiselela isincoko, umbhali waso utyebisa ulwazi esele lukhona ngesihloko ekuthethwa ngaso.

Izincoko zizicatshulwa ezibonakalisayo kuba aziboneleli ngeziphumo eziqinisekileyo malunga nomcimbi oqwalaselweyo kodwa kunoko zibonelela ngemiba yokucinga. Kwangelo xesha, ziyimibhalo ephikisanayo, kuba ziphuhlisa izizathu eziqinisa umbono wombhali. Ukongeza, izincoko ziyacacisa kuba ngaphambi kokuphikisana kufuneka babandakanye inkcazo yeembono ezikhuthaza ukwandiswa kwesincoko.

• Inokukunceda: izixhobo ezinokuphikisana

Icandelo lesincoko esifutshane

• Intshayelelo. Kwinxalenye yokuqala yesincoko, umbhali ubeka isihloko ekuza kuxoxwa ngaso kunye ne-engile aza kuthi asondele kuyo. Umxholo kufuneka uboniswe ngeyona ndlela inomtsalane, ukuze ithimbe ingqalelo yomfundi.
• Uphuhliso. Kumzimba wesincoko, umbhali wayo uqhekeza iingxoxo zombono awunike intshayelelo, kunye nezimvo kunye novavanyo lomntu. Ukongeza, ukubhekisa nokukhankanywa kweminye imithombo ethetha ngalo mbandela zibandakanyiwe, nokuba zezamaxwebhu abhaliweyo, ezinye izincoko, iincwadana, amanqaku amaphepha-ndaba, iingxelo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
• isiphelo. Ekupheleni kwesicatshulwa, uluvo umbhali alunikiweyo kwisicatshulwa sonke luyaqiniswa. Ukulungiselela le nto, ezona ngxoxo zibalulekileyo zichaziwe kwaye indawo yokugqibela ngalo mbandela yenziwa yacaca.
• Izihlomelo. Ngokubanzi, uluhlu olunoluhlu olukhankanyiweyo ngumbhali lubandakanyiwe ekupheleni kwesicatshulwa, ukuze umfundi akwazi ukukuqinisekisa.

 Iindidi zezilingo

Ngokokuziphatha apho ezi zibhalo zibiyelweyo, kunye nendlela esetyenzisiweyo, kunokuchongwa ezi ndidi zilandelayo zezincoko:

• Izifundo. Ziveliswa luluntu lwezemfundo, nokuba yiyunivesithi, ubukrelekrele okanye isikolo. Umzekelo: ithisisi okanye imonograph.
• Uncwadi. Babonakaliswa yinkululeko anokuthi umbhali ajonge kuyo ngesihloko. Imvakalo-zwi yayo ixhomekeke kwisifundo kwaye isifundo kufuneka siphathwe ngokuyintsusa ukuze sithimbe ingqalelo yomfundi size simbize ukuze acinge ngomcimbi ophakanyisiweyo.
• Izazinzulu. Iinjongo zabo kukubonisa iziphumo zolingelo lwenzululwazi, kunye nokutolika kunye nokufunda okuvusa umbhali. Ezi zilingo zibandakanya, ukongeza kwiziphumo, iingxelo, iingxelo kunye nolunye uhlobo lwezinto ezinenjongo zokunceda ukucacisa okwenzekileyo. Olu hlobo lwesicatshulwa lujolise kuluntu olukhethekileyo kulo mbandela kwaye luhlala lubhalwa ngolwimi lobugcisa.

Imizekelo yezincoko ezimfutshane

1. Ukucamngca ngoDon Quixote, nguJosé Ortega y Gasset.
2. Isincoko ngobuhlobo, ngu-Alberto Nin Frías.
3. Iinethiwekhi zentlalo kunye nengxaki yoluntu-yabucala, nguFlorencia Pellandini.
4. Intlupheko yindidi ngeendidi: Isincoko kuhlelo, nguJavier Iguiñiz Echeverría.
5. Ngokungathobeli, nguErich Fromm
6. Isincoko kutshintsho lwemozulu kunye noxanduva kwezentlalo, nguCristhian Iván Tejada Mancia.
7. Uhlaziyo lwaseRussia lowe-1917: Uhlalutyo lweConstructivist loQinisekiso lwango-Okthobha, nguXimena Mía Gómez Cosío Vidaurri.
8. UJean Paul Sartre: ukubonakaliswa okufutshane kwingcinga yakhe ye-anticolonial, nguMarcos Govea noMarielvis Silva.
9. Igalelo kwimvelaphi yongquzulwano ngezixhobo eColombia, ukuqhubeka kwalo kunye neempembelelo zalo, nguJavier Giraldo Moreno.
10. Ukuba bekungekho iBorges, ngu-Beatriz Sarlo.

Landela ngo:

• Itekisi yolwazi
• Isicatshulwa esivulekileyo
• Iitekisi zemonographic