Umxholo
Inkqubo ye- Ii-receptors zemizwa Ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo, kuba ziziphelo zemithambo-luvo ezikumalungu emithambo-luvo.
Inkqubo ye- amalungu emizwa lulusu, impumlo, ulwimi, amehlo kunye neendlebe.
Isikhuthazi esifunyanwa ngabamkeli bemithambo-luvo siyasasazwa ngenkqubo yemithambo-luvo siye kwi-cortex yecerebral. Ezi zinto zishukumisayo zinokubangela iimpendulo zokuzithandela okanye ukungazibandakanyi. Umzekelo, imvakalelo yokubanda ebonwa zii-receptors zemvakalelo zolusu kunokubangela impendulo ngokuzithandela ukuba inyuke kunye nokuziphendulela okunganyanzelekanga kukungcangcazela.
Xa inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ifumana isikhuthazo esivela kwii-receptors zemizwa, ikhupha i-odolo yezihlunu kunye namadlala, lawo asebenza njengeziphumo, Oko kukuthi, ezo zibonisa iimpendulo zemvelo.
Impendulo kwi-stimuli ingaba yimoto (umphumo uyimisipha) okanye i-hormonal (umphumo uyingqungquthela).
Ii-receptors ezinemvakalelo zineempawu ezithile:
- Zicacile: I-receptor nganye inovakalelo kuhlobo oluthile lokukhuthaza. Umzekelo, zii-receptors zolwimi kuphela ezinako ukuziva incasa.
- Zilungelelanisa: Xa isikhuthazi siqhubeka, indlela oziva ngayo iyancipha.
- Imincili: Sisakhono sokusabela kwisikhuthazi, esinxulumene nokukhuthaza kwindawo ethile yengqondo nakwimpendulo.
- Baphendula ngokufaka iikhowudi: Okukhona kukho amandla okukhuthaza, kokukhona kuthunyelwa iimpembelelo zemithambo-luvo.
Ngokwemvelaphi yovuselelo abalungele ukuyifumana, ii-receptors zemizwa zihlelwa:
- Ii-receptors zangaphandle: Ziziiyunithi zeseli zemithambo-luvo ezikwaziyo ukufumana inkuthazo kwindalo engaphandle komzimba.
- I-Internoceptors: Ezi zezona zibona utshintsho kubume bangaphakathi bomzimba, obufana nobushushu bomzimba, ukwakheka kunye neasidi yegazi, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nokujongwa kwecarbon dioxide kunye neoksijini.
- Abanini bamaphepha: Yilezo zibona ukutshintsha kwemeko, umzekelo, xa ushukumisa intloko okanye iincam.
Iimethoreoreceptors zemvakalelo:
Ulusu
Uxinzelelo, ubushushu kunye ne-receptors ebandayo kulusu. Benza oko sihlala sikubiza ngokuba "kukuchukumisa."
- Ii-Ruffini corpuscle: Ziziipheripheral thermoreceptors, ezibamba ubushushu.
- Ii-corpuscle ze-Krause: Zezona zixhobo ze-thermalceptors ezibamba ingqele.
- IVater-Pacini corpuscle: Abo babona uxinzelelo kulusu.
- Iidiski zikaMerkel zikwava uxinzelelo.
- Kuba ngokuchukumisa sikwabona iintlungu, ii-nociceptors zifumaneka kulusu, oko kukuthi, ii-receptors zentlungu. Ngokukodwa, ngoomatshini be-mechanoreceptors, abona ukusika kwesikhumba.
- Iimpawu zikaMeiisner zilandela ukungqubana ngobunono, njengee-caresses.
Ulwimi
Nantsi ingqiqo yokunambitha.
- Ngcamla buds: Zizo chemoreceptors. Kukho malunga ne-10,000 yokuphela kwemithambo-luvo ehanjiswe ngaphezulu kolwimi. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-chemoreceptor lubhekisele kuhlobo olunye lwencasa: iswiti, ityuwa, muncu, kwaye krakra. Zonke iintlobo zeekhemoreceptor zisasazwa kulwimi lonke, kodwa uhlobo ngalunye lugxile kwindawo ethile. Umzekelo, ii-chemoreceptors zeswekile zifumaneka kwincam yolwimi, ngelixa ezo zilungelelaniswe ukuze zibonwe ubukrakra zisemazantsi olwimi.
Impumlo
Nalu uluvo lwevumba.
- I-bulb ye-Olfactory kunye namasebe ayo emithambo-luvo: Amasebe emithambo-luvo abekwe ekupheleni kwempumlo (kwinxalenye ephezulu) kwaye afumana inkuthazo evela empumlweni nasemlonyeni. Ke inxenye yento esicinga ukuba incasa inene ivela kumakha. Kula masebe kukho iiseli ezi-olfactory ezihambisa iimvakalelo eziqokelelwe yi-bulb ye-olfactory, edibanisa ne-nerfactory nerve, ethi yona ithumele ezi ntshukumisa kwi-cortex yecerebral. Iiseli ezi-Olfactory zivela kwi-pituitary etyheli, isifo se-mucosa esifumaneka kwinxalenye ephezulu yeempumlo. Ezi seli zingabona izivumba ezisixhenxe ezisisiseko: i-camphor, musky, iintyatyambo, i-minty, ethereal, pungent kunye ne-putrid. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amawaka endibaniselwano phakathi kwezi zivumba zisixhenxe.
Amehlo
Nantsi ingqiqo yokubona.
- Amehlo: Akhiwe yiris (inxenye yombala wamehlo), umfundi (indawo emnyama yamehlo) kunye nesclera (indawo emhlophe yamehlo). Amehlo akhuselwe ziziciko zangaphezulu nezisezantsi. Kuzo, iinkophe ziyabakhusela eluthulini. Iinyembezi zikwaluhlobo lokhuselo kuba zisenza umsebenzi wokucoca rhoqo.
Kwelinye icala, ukakayi ibonisa ukhuseleko ngqongqo, njengoko amehlo zibekwe izisekelo iliso, ingqongwe ithambo. Iliso ngalinye libulela izihlunu ezine. Iretina ibekwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwiliso, igcobele iindonga zangaphakathi. I-retina sisigunyaziso semvakalelo esiguqula izinto ezibonakalayo zibe yimithambo-luvo.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwamehlo kuxhomekeke kukugoba kwe-cornea, oko kukuthi, indawo engaphambili nebonakalayo yeliso egubungele iris kunye nomfundi. Ukugoba okukhulu okanye okuncinci kubangela ukuba umfanekiso ungafikeleli kwi-retina kwaye ke ngoko awunakutolikwa ngengqondo ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukuva
Kweli lungu kukho zombini ezamkelekileyo ezinoxanduva lokuva, kunye nezo zokulinganisela.
- Cochlea: Yisamkeli esifunyenwe kwindlebe yangaphakathi kwaye sifumana ukungcangcazela kwesandi size sizidlulisele ngohlobo lweentshukumisa zemithambo-luvo ngokusebenzisa imithambo-luvo evayo, ebasa kwingqondo. Ngaphambi kokufikelela kwindlebe engaphakathi, isandi singena ngendlebe engaphandle (i-pinna okanye i-atrium) emva koko sifike kwindlebe embindini, efumana ukungcangcazela kwesandi nge-eardrum. Ezi ntshukumo zidluliselwa kwindlebe engaphakathi (apho ikhoyo khona) ngamathambo amancinci abizwa ngokuba yihammer, anvil, kunye ne-stapes.
- Imijelo yesemicircular: Zikwafumaneka nakwindlebe engaphakathi. Ezi zityhubhu zintathu ziqukethe i-endolymph, ulwelo oluqala ukujikeleza xa intloko ijika, enkosi kwii-otoliths, eziziikristale ezincinci ezinomdla wokuhamba.
